Brassica carinata varieties producing seed with reduced glucosinolate content

ABSTRACT

The invention is in the field of Brassica carinata breeding (i.e. Ethiopian mustard breeding), specifically to Brassica carinata varieties producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to seed from existing Brassica carinata commercial varieties when grown in the same location under the same conditions. The present invention relates to seeds, plants or parts thereof, cells, methods of making, and uses of such Brassica carinata varieties and their progeny.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/420,632 entitled “Brassica carinata Varieties Producing Seed with Reduced Glucosinolate Content” filed May 23, 2019, and claims the benefit of and priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/677,241 filed May 29, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/677,243 filed May 29, 2018, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/677,244 filed May 29, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/677,250 filed May 29, 2018, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the field of Brassica carinata breeding and, more specifically, to the development of a new Brassica carinata varieties producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to seed from existing Brassica carinata commercial varieties when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

BACKGROUND

Brassica carinata is a member of the Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae) family, commonly known as the mustard family. In Canada, Brassica carinata is commonly known as carinata, but is also sometimes referred to as Ethiopian mustard, Abyssinian mustard, Ethiopian kale or Abyssinian kale. In Ethiopia it is named gomenzer (Getinet, et al., 1996).

The genus Brassica is a member of the tribe Brassiceae in the mustard family (Brassicaceae; (Warwick, et al., 2009). In addition to B. carinata, the Brassica genus includes several economically important oilseed crop species: B. juncea (L). Czern. (brown mustard), B. napus L. (rape, Argentine canola), B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch (black mustard), and B. rapa L. (field mustard, Polish canola). The genus Brassica also includes B. oleracea L. food crops, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and kale.

The six Brassica species are closely related genetically, as described in the Triangle of U (Nagaharu, 1935). Brassica carinata is an amphidiploid (BBCC, 2n=34) thought to be derived from interspecific hybridization of the diploid species B. nigra L. (BB, 2n=16) and B. oleracea L. (CC, 2n=18; (Prakash, et al., 2011). The native range of Brassica carinata comprises the central highland region of Ethiopia. All the naturally occurring carinata in these regions is cultivated; there do not appear to be wild populations.

Brassica carinata is an herbaceous annual with a determinate growth habit (Zanetti, et al., 2013). The plants were originally cultivated in their home range primarily as a source of leaves used as an edible and nutritious vegetable (Neugart, et al., 2017). Carinata can be grown as a cover crop to reduce soil erosion and herbicide use, while promoting water conservation (Alcantara, et al., 2011) or can be plowed into the soil for use as a green manure soil amendment and bio-fumigant (Lazzeri, et al., 2009; Pane, et al., 2013). Carinata also has utility in phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated topsoil (Mourato, et al., 2015). As abundant producers of vegetative biomass, cropping of carinata's above-ground biomass has been suggested as a renewable source of feedstock for conversion to energy, particularly where cultivated in southern Europe (Gasol, et al., 2007).

Brassica carinata can be grown in subtropical regions as winter cover crop in rotations with summer crops such as beans, cotton, peanuts, where the usual practice had been to follow with winter fallow and is made possible by the unique ability for established carinata to survive and recover after hard frosts (Seepaul, et al., 2015). Benefits of carinata's use as a winter cover crop in this environment include the ability to conserve winter moisture and nutrients in the soil, mitigate leaching of nitrogen, phosphates and other residual nutrients into local waterways as well as providing a means to increase soil organic carbon (Newman, et al., 2010 (revised)). Brassica carinata's greater tolerance to early season frost, ability to better cope with higher heat and lower moisture during flowering and seed set as well as resistance to lodging, allows it to better withstand early and late season weather extremes (Seepaul, et al., 2015), making it overall a more reliable oilseed cropping option for producers in semi-arid regions. Brassica crops have long been shown to be beneficial when grown in rotations with cereals such as wheat, an important food crop amenable to production in semiarid regions by virtue of its shorter growing season and tolerance to climate extremes. Rotations with oilseed as well as forage Brassica species have consistently demonstrated a beneficial effect on yield of the ensuing cereal crop, due to their effects on improving soil structure and moisture conservation and to its ability to provide a break to the cycle of diseases that affect cereal performance (Angus, et al., 2011). Its ability to break cereal disease cycles stems from Brassica's lack of susceptibility to many cereal diseases, but may also derive from their ability to actively discourage persistence of soil pathogens via the biofumigant activity of root exudates and residues (Kirkegaard and Sarwar, 1998). In the southern hemisphere, the crop can be sown in late autumn or early winter into moist soil. In higher rainfall zones, it can be sown as late as early spring.

In terms of economic value, Brassica carinata's greatest potential as a crop resides in its prolific yields of oil and protein rich seed. In southern Europe, carinata seed oil has been investigated for its potential as a feedstock for biofuel and as a bio-industrial feedstock with applications in production of lubricants, paints, cosmetics, plastics (Cardone, et al., 2002; Cardone, et al., 2003; Bouaid, et al., 2005; Gasol, et al., 2007; Gasol, et al., 2009). In North America, where varieties have been adapted to grow in regions as diverse as the semi-arid southern Canadian prairies and adjacent US northern tier states as well as the Southeast US gulf states, carinata has been shown to be a suitable renewable feedstock crop for biofuel production (Gesch, et al., 2015; Seepaul, et al., 2015), and oil extracted from B. carinata seed has been used to produce green bio-diesel and bio-jet fuel (Drenth, et al., 2015). In October 2012, experimental aviation flights by the National Research Council of Canada using the world's first 100% bio-jet fuel were successful (“ReadiJet 100% biofuels flight—one of 2012's 25 most important scientific events”, Popular Science Magazine, 2012 (12).

Carinata varieties have been developed that are optimized for production of oil feedstock for diverse bio-industrial uses such as manufacturing of bio-plastics (Impallomeni, et al., 2011; Newson, et al., 2014), lubricants (Zanetti, et al., 2009) and specialty fatty acids such as 5, 13-docosadienoic acid, 5-eicosenoic acid (Jadhav, et al., 2005), eicosapentaenoic acid (Cheng, et al., 2010) and nervonic acid (Taylor, et al., 2010). In some cases, modification of the seed oil profile has involved the use of transgenic technologies to introduce specific genes encoding enzymes of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathways or constructs to knock down expression of endogenous pathway genes (reviewed in Taylor, et al., 2010).

As well as its high oil content, carinata seed has high protein and low fibre content (Xin and Yu, 2014), making the meal that is produced as a by-product of the oil extraction process a potential source of high quality protein for use in animal feed applications. The native seed also has a high content of glucosinolate (GSL), a class of sulfur containing compounds which, when present at high levels in meal, can reduce feed palatability and adversely affect animal health. There have been efforts to reduce GSL levels through use of interspecific crossing with low GSL varieties of other Brassicaceae species (Getinet, et al., 1997; Marquez-Lema, et al., 2008). More recently, it has been demonstrated that the optimized processing of the meal during the oil extraction process can remove most of the glucosinolate, rendering the meal suitable for a number of animal feed applications (Hetherington, et al., 2017). Carinata meal is currently approved as a supplement for cattle feed in Canada, US and Europe.

Brassica carinata has been adapted to meet the demands of emerging markets for carinata seed and carinata products. To provide opportunity to expand its production base, there continues to be a great need in the art for new carinata varieties and lines with improved traits, including increased grain and oil yields per acre, increased seed oil content and optimized oil composition, reduced seed glucosinolate content, as well as varieties with improved agronomic traits such as increased tolerances to biotic and abiotic stresses, reduced time to maturity and improved harvestability.

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In one aspect, the invention provides a Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed of the Brassica carinata plant is reduced by at least 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 46%, 48%, or 50% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

In other embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed of the Brassica carinata plant is reduced by at least 8 μmol/g, 9 μmol/g, 10 μmol/g, 11 μmol/g, 12 μmol/g, 13 μmol/g, 14 μmol/g, 15 μmol/g, 16 μmol/g, 17 μmol/g, 18 μmol/g, 19 μmol/g, 20 μmol/g, 21 μmol/g, 22 μmol/g, 23 μmol/g, 24 μmol/g, 25 μmol/g, 26 μmol/g, 27 μmol/g, 28 μmol/g, 29 μmol/g, 30 μmol/g, 31 μmol/g, 32 μmol/g, 33 μmol/g, 34 μmol/g, 35 μmol/g, 36 μmol/g, 37 μmol/g, 38 μmol/g, 39 μmol/g, or 40 μmol/g relative to the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

In one embodiment, the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions may be Brassica carinata variety DH-146.047 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43005), Brassica carinata variety DH-146.194, (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43006), Brassica carinata variety DH-146.214 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43007), or Brassica carinata variety DH-146.842 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43008).

In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 70 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of mature seeds at less than 6% moisture, as recommended by the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RCC). The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples with known GSL content determined previously by one or more methods including, but not limited to, gas chromatography of TMS-derivatives and HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 65 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 60 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 55 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 50 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 45 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 40 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a Brassica carinata plant grown from the seed of a Brassica carinata plant producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, as well as to a cell, plant part, or progeny of such plant. In some embodiments, the invention is directed to a Brassica carinata plant grown from the seed of Brassica carinata variety DH-146.047 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43005), Brassica carinata variety DH-146.194, (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43006), Brassica carinata variety DH-146.214 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43007), or Brassica carinata variety DH-146.842 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43008), as well as to a cell, plant part, or progeny of Brassica carinata variety DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, or DH-146.842.

In other aspects, the invention also provides a seed of a Brassica carinata plant having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed of existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, methods for producing a Brassica carinata variety or plant by crossing a plant of a Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, with itself or with other Brassica carinata varieties, as well as seeds, plants and plant parts from a Brassica carinata variety or plant produced by crossing a Brassica carinata plant producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, with itself or with other Brassica carinata varieties.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a Brassica carinata seed produced by crossing Brassica carinata plants and harvesting the resulting Brassica carinata seed, wherein at least one Brassica carinata plant is the Brassica carinata plant producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a Brassica carinata plant or variety comprising (a) crossing a Brassica carinata plant producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions with a different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait to produce F1 hybrid seed; and (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants having the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In one embodiment, the method further comprises the steps of (a) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, or with the different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait, to produce backcross progeny seed; (b) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant or variety comprising the desired trait and producing seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check plant or variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, steps (a) and (b) are repeated to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant or variety comprising the desired trait and at least a portion of the genome of the Brassica carinata plant variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

In another embodiment, the method of producing a Brassica carinata plant or variety derived from the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions further comprises the steps of (a) self-pollinating the selected progeny plants to produce further progeny seed; (b) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions; and (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant or variety comprising the desired trait and producing seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check plant or variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, steps (a) and (b) are repeated to a maximum of 10 generations to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant or variety comprising the desired trait and at least a portion of the genome of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions

In some embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed produced by the progeny Brassica carinata plant or variety will be further reduced relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by the parent Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed of the progeny Brassica carinata plant or variety is further reduced by at least 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 46%, 48%, or 50%. In other embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed produced by the progeny Brassica carinata plant or variety is further reduced by at least 8 μmol/g, 9 μmol/g, 10 μmol/g, 11 μmol/g, 12 μmol/g, 13 μmol/g, 14 μmol/g, 15 μmol/g, 16 μmol/g, 17 μmol/g, 18 μmol/g, 19 μmol/g, 20 μmol/g, 21 μmol/g, 22 μmol/g, 23 μmol/g, 24 μmol/g, 25 μmol/g, 26 μmol/g, 27 μmol/g, 28 μmol/g, 29 μmol/g, 30 μmol/g, 31 μmol/g, 32 μmol/g, 33 μmol/g, 34 μmol/g, 35 μmol/g, 36 μmol/g, 37 μmol/g, 38 μmol/g, 39 μmol/g, or 40 μmol/g.

The invention is also directed to a cell, seed, plant, plant part of a progeny plant of the Brassica carinata plant or variety derived from the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, produced using the above-described methods.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for producing doubled haploid (DH) varieties from F1 Brassica carinata plants produced by crossing a Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, with itself or with other Brassica carinata plants or varieties, as well as to seeds and plants produced by such DH varieties and any progeny of these, especially progeny retaining the “essential morphological or physiological characteristics” of a Brassica carinata plant producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, as described herein. In some embodiments, the “essential morphological or physiological characteristics” of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, are the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level. In other embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed produced such DH varieties will be further reduced relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed having reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed of such DH varieties is further reduced by at least 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 46%, 48%, or 50%. In other embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed of such DH varieties is further reduced by at least 8 μmol/g, 9 μmol/g, 10 μmol/g, 11 μmol/g, 12 μmol/g, 13 μmol/g, 14 μmol/g, 15 μmol/g, 16 μmol/g, 17 μmol/g, 18 μmol/g, 19 μmol/g, 20 μmol/g, 21 μmol/g, 22 μmol/g, 23 μmol/g, 24 μmol/g, 25 μmol/g, 26 μmol/g, 27 μmol/g, 28 μmol/g, 29 μmol/g, 30 μmol/g, 31 μmol/g, 32 μmol/g, 33 μmol/g, 34 μmol/g, 35 μmol/g, 36 μmol/g, 37 μmol/g, 38 μmol/g, 39 μmol/g, or 40 μmol/g.

In another aspect, the invention provides methods for producing a Brassica carinata plant or variety by outcrossing a Brassica carinata plant or variety that produces seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, with other Brassicaceae species, followed by backcrossing with a Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, as well as producing DH varieties from the interspecific crosses. In some embodiments, the other Brassicaceae species may be any species of the family Brassicaceae including but not limited to Brassica alba, Brassica hirta, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Sinapus alba, and Camelina sativa.

The invention also relates to the use of a Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, in a hybrid variety production scheme as described herein.

In another aspect, the invention provides for the use of a Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, as a background for chemical and/or radiation induced mutagenesis, for targeted gene editing, for modulation of traits via RNA interference or antisense RNA expression, or for introduction of traits via genetic transformation.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for the production of a commercial crop of Brassica carinata plants producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, as well any progeny plants derived therefrom. The invention also provides a method of producing a commercial plant product comprising growing the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, or any progeny plants derived therefrom, to produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product from the commercial crop.

In another aspect, the invention provides for the use of a Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, to produce a commercial product, such as oil, meal, protein isolate, biofumigant, or crushed non-viable seed. In some embodiments, the commercial plant product comprises meal or protein isolate having a total glucosinolate content no greater than 30 micromoles per gram (dry weight) of seed.

The invention also provides for commercial products produced from a Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, such as oil, meal, protein isolate, biofumigant, or crushed non-viable seed.

The invention provides for, without limitation, the following numbered embodiments:

-   1. A Brassica carinata variety, wherein the variety produces seed     having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 14%     relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a     commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same     location under the same environmental conditions. -   2. A Brassica carinata variety, wherein the variety produces seed     having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 20%     relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a     commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same     location under the same environmental conditions. -   3. A Brassica carinata variety, wherein the variety produces seed     having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 22%     relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a     commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same     location under the same environmental conditions. -   4. A Brassica carinata variety, wherein the variety produces seed     having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 8     μmol per g of seed relative to the total glucosinolate content of     seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata     grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   5. A Brassica carinata variety, wherein the variety produces seed     having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 10     μmol per g of seed relative to the total glucosinolate content of     seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata     grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   6. A Brassica carinata variety, wherein the variety produces seed     having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 20     μmol per g of seed relative to the total glucosinolate content of     seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata     grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   7. The Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 6,     wherein the Brassica carinata variety is DH-146.047, representative     seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number     43005. -   8. The Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 6,     wherein the Brassica carinata variety is DH-146.194, representative     seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number     43006. -   9. The Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 6,     wherein the Brassica carinata variety is DH-146.214, representative     seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number     43007. -   10. The Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 6,     wherein the Brassica carinata variety is DH-146.842, representative     seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number     43008. -   11. A seed, plant, plant part, or cell of the Brassica carinata     variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10. -   12. A Brassica carinata seed produced by crossing Brassica carinata     plants and harvesting the resulting Brassica carinata seed, wherein     at least one Brassica carinata plant is the Brassica carinata plant     of embodiment 11. -   13. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety derived from     the Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10,     wherein the method comprises     -   (a) crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of any one         of embodiments 1 to 10 with plant of a different Brassica         carinata variety having a desired trait to produce F1 hybrid         seed; and     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants having the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata variety         of any one of embodiments 1 to 10. -   14. The method of embodiment 13, further comprising the steps of     -   (a) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with a plant of the         Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, or         with the different Brassica carinata plant having a desired         trait, to produce backcross progeny seed;     -   (b) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting         backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at         least a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata         variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10; and     -   (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) to a maximum of 10 generations         to produce a progeny Brassica carinata plant that comprises the         desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of         the Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10. -   15. The method of embodiment 13, further comprising the steps of     -   (a) self-pollinating the selected progeny plants to produce         further progeny seed;     -   (b) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further         progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata variety         of any one of embodiments 1 to 10; and     -   (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) to a maximum of 10 generations         to produce a Brassica carinata plant derived from the Brassica         carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the         Brassica carinata plant comprises the desired trait and at least         a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata         variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10. -   16. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata     variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 15,     wherein the variety produces seed having a total glucosinolate     content that is reduced by at least 14% relative to the total     glucosinolate content of seed produced by a check variety grown in     the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   17. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata     variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 15,     wherein the variety produces seed having a total glucosinolate     content that is reduced by at least 20% relative to the total     glucosinolate content of seed produced by a check variety grown in     the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   18. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata     variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 15,     wherein the variety produces seed having a total glucosinolate     content that is reduced by at least 22% relative to the total     glucosinolate content of seed produced by a check variety grown in     the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   19. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata     variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 15,     wherein the variety produces seed having a total glucosinolate     content that is reduced by at least 8 μmol per g of seed relative to     the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a check variety     grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   20. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata     variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 15,     wherein the variety produces seed having a total glucosinolate     content that is reduced by at least 10 μmol per g of seed relative     to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a check     variety grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions. -   21. A cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata     variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 13 to 15,     wherein the variety produces seed having a total glucosinolate     content that is reduced by at least 20 μmol per g of seed relative     to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a check     variety grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions. -   22. A method of producing a commercial plant product, the method     comprising growing the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to     produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product     from the commercial crop. -   23. The method of embodiment 22, wherein the commercial plant     product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. -   24. The method of embodiment 23, wherein the commercial plant     product comprises meal or protein isolate having a total     glucosinolate content of no more than 30 micromoles per gram (dry     weight). -   25. A method of producing a commercial plant product, the method     comprising growing the Brassica carinata plant of any one of     embodiments 16 to 21 to produce a commercial crop and producing the     commercial plant product from the commercial crop. -   26. The method of embodiment 25, wherein the commercial plant     product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. -   27. The method of embodiment 26, wherein the commercial plant     product comprises meal or protein isolate having a total     glucosinolate content of no more than 30 micromoles per gram (dry     weight). -   28. The Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11, wherein the total     GSL content of seed produced from the Brassica carinata plant is at     least 14% lower than the total GSL content of seed produced from     existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in     the same location under the same environmental conditions, as     determined by Near Infrared spectroscopy of harvested seed. -   29. The Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11, wherein the GSL     content of seed produced from the Brassica carinata plant is at     least 20% lower than the GSL content of seed produced from existing     commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same     location under the same environmental conditions, as determined by     Near Infrared spectroscopy of harvested seed. -   30. The Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11, wherein the GSL     content of seed produced from the Brassica carinata plant is at     least 8 μmol per g of seed lower than the GSL content of seed     produced from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica     carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions, as determined by Near Infrared spectroscopy of harvested     seed. -   31. The Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11, wherein the GSL     content of seed produced from the Brassica carinata plant is at     least 10 μmol per g of seed lower than the GSL content of seed     produced from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica     carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions, as determined by Near Infrared spectroscopy of harvested     seed. -   32. The Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11, wherein the GSL     content of seed produced from the Brassica carinata plant is at     least 20 μmol per g of seed lower than the GSL content of seed     produced from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica     carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions, as determined by Near Infrared spectroscopy of harvested     seed. -   33. Seed produced from the Brassica carinata plant of any one of     embodiments 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31, or 32. -   34. A Brassica carinata plant grown from the seed of embodiment 33. -   35. A cell or plant part of the Brassica carinata plant of     embodiment 34. -   36. A progeny plant of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11,     wherein the progeny plant produces seed with reduced total     glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of     seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica     carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions. -   37. A method of producing a commercial plant product, the method     comprising growing the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to     produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product     from the commercial crop. -   38. The method of embodiment 37, wherein the commercial plant     product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. -   39. The method of embodiment 38, wherein the commercial plant     product comprises meal or protein isolate having a total     glucosinolate content of no more than 30 micromoles per gram (dry     weight). -   40. A commercial crop produced from the Brassica carinata plant of     any one of embodiments 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29, 30, 31 or     32. -   41. A commercial plant product produced from the Brassica carinata     plant of any one of embodiments 11, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 28, 29,     30, 31 or 32. -   42. The commercial plant product of embodiment 41, wherein the     commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or     biofumigant. -   43. The commercial plant product of embodiment 42, wherein the     commercial plant product comprises meal or protein isolate having a     total glucosinolate content of no more than 30 micromoles per gram     (dry weight). -   44. The plant part of embodiment 11, wherein the plant part is an     ovule, a leaf, pollen, a seed, an embryo, a root, a root tip, a pod,     a flower, a stalk, a cell, or a protoplast. -   45. The plant part of embodiment 11, wherein the plant part is     pollen or an ovule. -   46. A method for producing a first generation (F1) hybrid Brassica     carinata seed comprising crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata     variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10 with a different Brassica     carinata plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid Brassica     carinata seed, and wherein the plant of the Brassica carinata     variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10 is either a female parent     or a male parent. -   47. An F1 hybrid seed produced by the method of embodiment 46. -   48. An F1 hybrid plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed of embodiment     47. -   49. A method for producing a Double Haploid variety comprising:     -   (a) isolating a flower bud of the F1 plant of embodiment 48;     -   (b) dissecting out a haploid microspore;     -   (c) placing the haploid microspore in culture;     -   (d) inducing the microspore to differentiate into an embryo and         subsequently into a plantlet;     -   (e) identifying whether the plantlet contains a diploid         chromosome number, wherein the diploid chromosome number         occurred through chromosome doubling; and     -   (f) continuing to grow the plantlet if it contains a diploid         chromosome number. -   50. The method of embodiment 49, further comprising inducing     chromosome doubling by chemical or physical means. -   51. A cell, plant, plant part, or seed of a Doubled Haploid variety     produced by the method of embodiment 49 or 50. -   52. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, the method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of any one         of claims 1 to 10 with a plant of another Brassica carinata         variety comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of the plant of the Brassica         carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10;     -   (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the         desired trait with the plant of the Brassica carinata variety of         any one of claims 1 to 10 to produce backcross progeny seed; and     -   (d) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting         backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at         least a portion of the genetic make up of the plant of the         Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10. -   53. The method of embodiment 52, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from a plant     of the Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10     has the desired trait and produces seed having a total glucosinolate     content that is reduced by at least 14% relative to the total     glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check     variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the     same environmental conditions. -   54. The method of embodiment 52, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from a plant     of the Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10     has the desired trait and produces seed having a total glucosinolate     content that is reduced by at least 8 μmol per g of seed relative to     the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or     check variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under     the same environmental conditions. -   55. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, the method comprising introducing a nucleic acid     construct conferring the desired trait into the Brassica carinata     plant of embodiment 11. -   56. The method of embodiment 55, wherein the nucleic acid construct     is introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated uptake,     electroporation, ballistic infiltration using nucleic acid coated     microprojectiles (gene gun), an Agrobacterium infiltration-based     vector, or a plant virus based vector. -   57. The method of embodiment 55 or 56, wherein the nucleic acid     construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct, or an antisense     RNA construct. -   58. The method of any one of embodiments 52 to 57, wherein the     Brassica carinata variety comprises the desired trait and produces     seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at     least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed     produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown     in the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   59. The method of any one of embodiments 52 to 57, wherein the     Brassica carinata variety comprises the desired trait and produces     seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at     least 8 μmol per g of seed relative to the total glucosinolate     content of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of     Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions. -   60. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, the method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of any one         of embodiments 1 to 10 with another Brassica carinata variety         comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of the plant of the Brassica         carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10;     -   (c) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired         trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the plant         of the Brassica carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10 to         produce further progeny seed; and     -   (d) growing the further progeny seed and selecting further         progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of the plant of the Brassica         carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10. -   61. The method of embodiment 60, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait     and produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is     reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content     of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica     carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions. -   62. The method of embodiment 60, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait     and produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is     reduced by at least 8 μmol per g of seed relative to the total     glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check     variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the     same environmental conditions. -   63. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, wherein the method comprises exposing seedlings or     microspores to a mutagenic agent and allowing the surviving fraction     to develop into mature plants. -   64. The method of embodiment 63, wherein the mutagenic agent is     ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or     ultraviolet radiation. -   65. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, the method comprising:     -   (a) crossing the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 with a         plant of another species of the family Brassicaceae comprising         the desired trait;     -   (b) producing F1 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F1 plants or growing F1 seeds;     -   (c) self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait         and carinata character;     -   (d) producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F2 plants or growing F2 seeds;     -   (e) self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait         and carinata character;     -   (f) producing F3 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F2 plants or growing F3 seeds;     -   (g) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired         trait and carinata character to produce further progeny plants;         and     -   (h) selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and         carinata character to produce the carinata variety. -   66. The method of embodiment 65, wherein steps (g) and (h) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait     and produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is     reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content     of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica     carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions. -   67. The method of embodiment 65, wherein steps (g) and (h) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait     and produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is     reduced by at least 8 μmol per g of seed relative to the total     glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check     variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the     same environmental conditions. -   68. The method any one of embodiments 52 to 67, wherein the desired     trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility and/or     fertility restoration, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest     resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and     altered metabolism. -   69. The method of embodiment 68, wherein the desired trait is     herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not     limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate,     imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. -   70. A plant, plant part, cell, or seed of a progeny Brassica     carinata variety produced by the method of any one of embodiments 52     to 69. -   71. A method for producing a Brassica carinata variety expressing a     cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) trait from the Brassica carinata     plant of embodiment 11, comprising the following steps:     -   (a) using the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 as a         pollen donor for crossing with an existing Brassica CMS plant,         preferably a Brassica napus CMS variety or a Brassica juncea CMS         variety, to produce viable F₁ CMS plants;     -   (b) backcrossing the F₁ CMS plants with the Brassica carinata         plant of embodiment 11, using the Brassica carinata plant of         embodiment 11 as a pollen donor, to recover viable CMS BC₁         plants;     -   (c) repeatedly backcrossing CMS BC_(x) plants with the Brassica         carinata plant of embodiment 11, using the Brassica carinata         plant of embodiment 11 as a pollen donor, for up to six         generations and recovering viable CMS BC₆ plants; and     -   (d) maintaining the Brassica carinata CMS line by crossing with         the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 (used as B line)         and harvesting of CMS seed. -   72. A method for producing a Brassica carinata line expressing a     fertility restorer function gene (Rf) comprising:     -   (a) using the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 in         reciprocal crosses with an existing Brassica Rf plant,         preferably a Brassica carinata Rf, whereby viable F₁ progeny         plants are subsequently recovered then screened for presence of         Rf gene marker and whereby Rf F1 plants are selected;     -   (b) backcrossing the Rf F₁ plants with the Brassica carinata         plant of embodiment 11, whereby viable BC₁ plants are         subsequently recovered then screened for presence of Rf gene         marker and whereby Rf BC₁ plants are selected.     -   (c) repeated backcrossing of Rf BC_(x) plants with the Brassica         carinata plant of embodiment 11, for up to six generations as         described above, whereby, viable Rf BC₆ plants are ultimately         recovered; and     -   (d) maintenance of the Brassica carinata Rf line by         self-crossing and harvesting of Rf seed from Brassica carinata         Rf selfed parent. -   73. A method for producing hybrid seed from crossing a female parent     and a male parent, the method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 with         another Brassica carinata variety;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have a desired trait;     -   (c) recovering the hybrid seed, wherein the female parent is a         Brassica carinata CMS line of the Brassica carinata plant of         embodiment 11. -   74. A method for producing hybrid seed from crossing a female parent     and a male parent, the method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 with         another Brassica carinata variety;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have a desired trait;     -   (c) recovering the hybrid seed, wherein the male parent is a         Brassica carinata CMS line of the Brassica carinata plant of         embodiment 11. -   75. Hybrid seed produced from the method of any one of embodiments     71 to 74. -   76. Use of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to produce     seed, wherein the seed is produced by self-crossing or open     pollination. -   77. Use of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to produce     an F1 hybrid Brassica carinata seed, wherein the Brassica carinata     plant of embodiment 11 is either a female parent or a male parent in     a cross-fertilization. -   78. A cell of an F1 hybrid plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed     produced by the use of embodiment 77. -   79. A cell of an F1 hybrid plant grown from F1 hybrid seed produced     by a method comprising crossing the Brassica carinata plant of     embodiment 11 with a different Brassica carinata plant and     harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid carinata seed. -   80. Use of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to produce a     Double Haploid variety. -   81. Use of embodiment 76, wherein the Double Haploid variety is     produced by a method comprising chromosome doubling introduced by     chemical or physical means. -   82. A cell of a Double Haploid (DH) variety produced from the     Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11. -   83. Use of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to produce a     Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait. -   84. Use of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to produce a     Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait, wherein the     desired trait is conferred by a nucleic acid construct. -   85. The use of embodiment 80, wherein the nucleic acid construct is     introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated uptake,     electroporation, ballistic infiltration using nucleic acid coated     microprojectiles (gene gun), an Agrobacterium infiltration-based     vector, or a plant virus-based vector. -   86. The use of embodiment 84 or 85, wherein the nucleic acid     construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct or an antisense     RNA construct. -   87. Use of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to produce a     Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait, wherein the     desired trait is introduced by exposing seedlings or microspores to     a mutagenic agent. -   88. The use of embodiment 87, wherein the mutagenic agent is ethyl     methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or     ultraviolet radiation. -   89. Use of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11 to produce a     Brassica carinata variety comprising a desired trait, wherein the     desired trait is introduced by crossing the Brassica carinata plant     of embodiment 11 with a plant of another Brassicaceae species     comprising the desired trait. -   90. The use of embodiment 89, wherein the Brassica carinata variety     has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological     characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,     7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance     level when grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions as the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11. -   91. The use of any one of embodiments 83 to 90, wherein the desired     trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility,     disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide     tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. -   92. The use of embodiment 91, wherein the desired trait is herbicide     tolerance and the herbicide selected from, but not limited to, the     group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and     auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. -   93. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, wherein the Brassica carinata variety is produced by     a method comprising the steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of any one         of embodiments 1 to 10 with another Brassica carinata variety         comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of the plant of the Brassica         carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10;     -   (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the         desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of         the plant of the Brassica carinata variety of any one of claims         1 to 10 with plants of the Brassica carinata variety of any one         of claims 1 to 10 to produce backcross progeny plants; and     -   (d) growing seed from the resultant backcross progeny plants and         selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait         and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the plant of         the Brassica carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10. -   94. The cell of embodiment 93, wherein the method to produce the     Brassica carinata variety further comprises repeating steps (c)     and (d) until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait     and produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is     reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content     of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica     carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental     conditions. -   95. The cell of embodiment 93, wherein the method to produce the     Brassica carinata variety further comprises repeating steps (c)     and (d) until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait     and produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is     reduced by at least 8 mol per g of seed relative to the total     glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check     variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the     same environmental conditions. -   96. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety produced from     the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11, wherein the Brassica     carinata variety comprises a desired trait, and wherein the Brassica     carinata variety was produced by a method comprising introducing a     nucleic acid construct conferring the desired trait into a plant,     plant part, or cell of the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11. -   97. The cell of embodiment 96, wherein the nucleic acid construct is     introduced using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated uptake,     electroporation, ballistic infiltration using nucleic acid coated     microprojectiles (gene gun), an Agrobacterium infiltration-based     vector, or a plant virus-based vector. -   98. The cell of embodiment 96 or 97, wherein the nucleic acid     construct comprises a transgene, an RNAi construct, or an antisense     RNA construct. -   99. The cell of any one of embodiments 96 to 98, wherein the     Brassica carinata variety produced from the Brassica carinata plant     of embodiment 11 comprises the desired trait and the physiological     and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of     Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, as determined     at the 5% significance level when grown in the same location under     the same environmental conditions as the Brassica carinata plant of     embodiment 11. -   100. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety, wherein the     Brassica carinata variety is produced by a method comprising the     steps of:     -   (a) crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of any one         of embodiments 1 to 10 with a plant of another Brassica carinata         variety comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or         more progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a         portion of the genetic make up of the plant of the Brassica         carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10;     -   (c) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired         trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the plant         of the Brassica carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10 to         produce further progeny plants;     -   (d) growing the resultant further progeny plants and selecting         further progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least         a portion of the genetic make up of the plant of the Brassica         carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10. -   101. The cell of embodiment 100, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from the     Brassica carinata variety of embodiment 1 has the desired trait and     produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced     by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed     produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown     in the same location under the same environmental conditions. -   102. The cell of embodiment 100, wherein steps (c) and (d) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety produced from the     Brassica carinata variety of embodiment 1 has the desired trait and     produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced     by at least 8 mol per g of seed relative to the total glucosinolate     content of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of     Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same     environmental conditions. -   103. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety produced from     the Brassica carinata plant of embodiment 11, wherein the Brassica     carinata variety comprises a desired trait and is produced by a     method comprising exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic     agent and allowing the surviving fraction to develop into mature     plants. -   104. The cell of embodiment 103, wherein the mutagenic agent is     ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or     ultraviolet radiation. -   105. A cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety comprising a     desired trait, wherein the Brassica carinata variety is produced by     a method comprising:     -   (a) crossing a plant produced from the Brassica carinata variety         of any one of claims 1 to 10 with a plant of another         Brassicaceae species comprising the desired trait;     -   (b) producing F1 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F1 plants from the cross or growing F1 seeds;     -   (c) self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait         and carinata character;     -   (d) producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F1 plants from the cross or growing F2 seeds;     -   (e) self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait         and carinata character;     -   (f) producing progeny plants using embryo rescue techniques to         recover viable F3 plants or growing F3 seeds;     -   (g) self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired         trait and carinata character to produce further progeny plants;         and     -   (h) selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and         carinata character. -   106. The cell of embodiment 99, wherein steps (g) and (h) are     repeated until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait     and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth     in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and     13, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the     same location under the same environmental conditions as the     produced from the Brassica carinata variety of any one of claims 1     to 10. -   107. The cell of any one of embodiments 93 to 106, wherein the     desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male     sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance,     herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered     metabolism. -   108. The cell of embodiment 107, wherein the desired trait is     herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not     limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate,     imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. -   109. A tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells of a plant     produced from the Brassica carinata variety of any one of claims 1     to 10. -   110. The tissue culture according to embodiment 109, wherein the     protoplasts or regenerable cells are produced from a tissue selected     from the group consisting of leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root     tips, pods, flowers, ovules, and stalks. -   111. A cell of a Brassica carinata plant regenerated from the tissue     culture of embodiment 109 or 110, wherein the Brassica carinata     plant has the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set     forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,     12, and 13, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in     the same location under the same environmental conditions as the     plant produced from the Brassica carinata variety of any one of     claims 1 to 10. -   112. A method of producing a commercial crop, the method comprising     growing a plurality of Brassica carinata plants produced from the     Brassica carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10. -   113. A method of producing a commercial plant product, the method     comprising growing a plurality of Brassica carinata plants produced     from the Brassica carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10 to     produce a commercial crop and producing the commercial plant product     from the commercial crop. -   114. The method of embodiment 113, wherein the commercial plant     product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. -   115. The method of embodiment 114, where the commercial plant     product comprises meal or protein isolate having a total     glucosinolate content of no more than 30 micromoles per gram (dry     weight). -   116. A commercial plant product produced by the method of any one of     embodiments 113 to 115. -   117. Oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant produced by the     method of embodiment 113. -   118. Crushed, non-viable seed of a plant produced from the Brassica     carinata variety of any one of claims 1 to 10. -   119. A method for producing a group of cultivated plants of the     Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10 in a     field, wherein harmful microorganisms are controlled by the     application of a composition comprising one or more microbiocidal     ingredient. -   120. The method of embodiment 119, wherein the composition     comprising one or more microbiocidal ingredient is applied as a seed     treatment or seed coating. -   121. A method for producing a group of cultivated plants of the     Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10 in a     field, wherein insect pests are controlled by the application of a     composition comprising one or more insecticidal ingredient. -   122. A method for cleaning seed of the Brassica carinata variety of     any one of embodiments 1 to 10, or seed from a plant produced from     the Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, to     remove foreign material from the surface of the seed. -   123. A method for cleaning seed of the Brassica carinata variety of     any one of embodiments 1 to 10, or seed from a plant produced from     the Brassica carinata variety of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, to     remove any debris or low quality, infested, or infected seeds, or     seeds of different species. -   124. Use of a plant produced from the Brassica carinata variety of     any one of embodiments 1 to 10 to produce a commercial crop. -   125. Use of a plant produced from the Brassica carinata variety of     any one of embodiments 1 to 10 to produce a commercial plant     product. -   126. The use of embodiment 125, wherein the commercial plant product     comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. -   127. The use of embodiment 126, wherein the commercial plant product     comprises meal or protein isolate having a total glucosinolate     content of no more than 30 micromoles per gram (dry weight).

Definitions

In the following description and tables, many terms are used. To aid in a clear and consistent understanding of the specification, the following definitions and evaluation criteria are provided.

Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. Examples of abiotic stress include, but are not limited to, drought, water-logging or flooding, extreme temperatures, extreme salinity, and mineral toxicity.

Agronomic practice refers to any of a set of cultivation practices or techniques that attempt to maximize the health and productivity of a crop. The agronomic practices used are an important factor in interpreting results from field studies of various kinds.

Allele refers to one or more alternative forms of a gene locus that relate to one trait. Diploid organisms, i.e., organisms with two sets of chromosomes, have one copy of each gene (and therefore, one allele) on each chromosome. If both the alleles are the same, they are homozygous. If the alleles are different, they are heterozygous.

Alternaria resistance is typically rated on a scale from 0-5; 0=no symptoms were observed, 1=indicates infection of pods only, 2=disease prevalence on 25% of upper plant, 3=50% prevalence, 4=75% prevalence, and 5=disease symptoms are seen throughout entire plant and considered severe.

Average refers to the arithmetic mean. “Substantially equivalent” or “statistically equivalent” refers to a characteristic that, when compared, does not show a statistically significant difference from the mean. In contrast, “statistically different” or “statistical significance” refers to a characteristic that, when compared, shows statistically significant differences from means of the same characteristic of another group or groups. Most often, statistical significance of differences is measured at levels of P<0.05 using standard tests to compare Least Square Means, such as Tukey's HSD or Student's t-test.

Backcrossing means a traditional breeding technique used to introduce a trait to a plant line or variant from a donor plant to a recurrent plant. An initial cross is made between the donor and recurrent parent plants to produce progeny plants. Progeny plants having the desired trait are then crossed to the recurrent parent. This process of backcrossing is repeated for several breeding cycles until the progeny plants are indistinguishable from the recurrent parent, except for the trait from the donor parent.

Breeding line (or Plant line) refers to a unique, reproducible carinata type, and is distinguishable from other carinata types based on its genotype and phenotype. Most often, a breeding line refers to a type that is mostly or completely homozygous, such as a DH line or a highly inbred line (five or more generations inbred).

Carinata refers to seeds or plants of the species Brassica carinata containing both the B genome from Brassica nigra and the C genome from Brassica oleracea (Nagahuru, 1935). The terms “Brassica carinata DH-146.047” and “DH-146.047” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a plant of Brassica carinata DH-146.047, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43005. The terms “Brassica carinata DH-146.194”, and “DH-146.194” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a plant of Brassica carinata DH-146.194, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43006. The terms “Brassica carinata DH-146.214”, and “DH-146.214” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a plant of Brassica carinata DH-146.214, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43007. The terms “Brassica carinata DH-146.842” and “DH-146.842” are used interchangeably herein and refer to a plant of Brassica carinata DH-146.842, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB Accession number 43008.

Check variety (or Check line) are carinata genotypes considered to be the standard for overall performance, or for a specified trait, in a given growing region. Often, the current commercial varieties are used as check lines for the regions in which they are grown, and this is the standard against which new potential varieties are tested. Examples of useful commercial check varieties include, but are not limited to, Brassica carinata varieties AAC-A120 and AGR044-312D-HP11 (WO2017/181276A1; henceforth referred to as “AGR044-HP11” or “HP11”)

Days to Flowering (initiation of flowering) refers to the number of days from planting until 50% of the plants in a planted area have at least one open flower.

Depth of canopy, measured in cm, is the distance from the first incidence of pods on a plant (average within a plot) to the top of the pod canopy.

Diploid refers to cell or a plant with two sets of chromosomes. One set comes from each parent.

Double Haploid, Doubled Haploid, Doubled Haploidy (DH) refers to a haploid cell or plant that has undergone a doubling of its chromosomes to produce a functional diploid.

Duration of flowering is the number of days between the initiation of flowering and end of flowering.

Early (season) vigour is a rating, usually on a scale of 1 to 7, that reflects how a variety develops in its early stages (about 4 weeks after seed) in terms of putting on leaf area and competing with weeds. Typically, experimental varieties or lines are compared with a check variety or line, which is rated as a “4”. A new variety with slightly more leaf cover and advanced development would be rated a “5”, or more significantly a “6”, and so forth. 1=significantly less than check variety; 7=significantly greater uniformity than check variety.

End of flowering is the number of days from planting to when approximately 90% of flowers have lost their petals.

Erucic Acid content is the weight percentage (wt %) of fatty acids in the form of C22:1 among all major fatty acid types found in carinata. Most often, this is estimated by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of mature seeds at less than 6% moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples whose fatty acid profile is determined by American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) Official Method Ce1-66 Fatty Acid Composition by Gas Chromatography. This is one of the official methods recommended by the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RCC).

Extent of branching refers to the number of pod-bearing secondary branches (racemes) off the main stem. This is often estimated using an average of at least eight plants per breeding line.

Embryo Rescue techniques refers to in vitro techniques whose purpose is to promote the development of an immature or weak embryo into a viable plant. This methodology is commonly used to rescue viable embryos from crosses between different but closely related species, i.e., interspecific crosses.

Fatty acid content means the typical percentages by weight of fatty acids present in the endogenously formed oil of the mature whole dried seeds, as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy at less than 6% seed moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples whose fatty acid profile is determined by American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) Official Method Ce1-66 Fatty Acid Composition by Gas Chromatography. This is one of the official methods recommended by the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RCC). Aside from erucic acid (C22:1), the most significantly occurring fatty acids in carinata are oleic acid (c18:1), linoleic acid (c18:2), linolenic acid (c18:3), and eicosenoic acid (C20:1).

Flower Petal Colouration means the colouration of open exposed petals on the first day that flowering is observed. In carinata, varieties are most often categorized as either W=White or Y=Yellow. Occasionally, for varieties with a very light yellow colour, a third category will be employed: PY=Pale Yellow.

Frost tolerance means the ability of young plants to withstand frosts in areas where carinata is grown during the winter season. These frosts are most likely to occur from the five-leaf to early bolting plant development stages, depending on time of planting. This is typically measured 3-5 days following a hard frost event and rated using a scale of visual percentage of injury (leaf bleaching and death); where “0” is no injury and “10” is 100% plant damage, and each successive number indicates an additional 10% injury to leaf and stem tissue.

Gene silencing means the interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at the level of transcription or translation.

Genotype refers to the genetics or DNA sequence of individual carinata lines, as opposed to their actual appearance, which is called the phenotype.

Glucosinolate (GSL) content means the total glucosinolate content of mature seed at less than 6% moisture, given in units of μmol/g, as analyzed using Near Infrared Spectroscopy. In carinata, the majority of glucosinolate content is in the form of sinigrin (chemical name: allylglucosinolate or 2-propenylglucosinolate). Most often, the total glucosinolate content of seeds is estimated by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of mature seeds at less than 6% moisture. The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples with known GSL content determined previously by one or more methods known in the art including, but not limited to, gas chromatography of TMS-derivatives, and HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates.

Grain means the seed produced by carinata crops that are intended for processing for oil or feed uses. This is in contrast with parent seed or planting seed, which is intended for growth of another generation of plants.

Growing Degree Days refers to the accumulation of heat units above a base temperature over time and is often strongly correlated with rate of plant development. The daily GDD units are calculated by subtracting the average temperature (° C.) (average of daily maximum and minimum temperature) from the baseline of 5° C. These units accumulate beginning the day after planting.

Growing Environment refers to a particular area (typically grouped by geography) or controlled environment where plants are grown and evaluated. Expression of various characteristics or traits, such as plant height or days to maturity, can be greatly influenced by the environment in which it is grown. This is also commonly known as Genotype×Environment interaction, or G×E.

Haploid refers to a plant, or a cell of a plant, that has only one set of chromosomes. Haploid plants can be produced artificially, and their single set of chromosomes can be doubled to produce a doubled haploid.

Height of first pod, measured in cm, refers to the distance from ground level to the first incidence of pods on a plant (average within a plot).

Herbicide Resistance means the resistance to various herbicides when that herbicide is applied at standard recommended application rates and timing; and is expressed on a scale of 0 to 10; where “0” is no symptoms, and a rating of “10” means entire plant is brown and curled. Each successive number indicates approximately 10% more damage or effect of herbicide on the plant: a rating of “2” indicates several leaves with slight yellowing and curl, “4” is several yellowing or dying leaves and more noticeable curl, “6” is a greater number and severity of yellowing, curling, and dead leaves, and “8” indicates that most leaves are completely yellow or dead.

Hybrid variety or F1 hybrid refers to the seeds harvested from crossing two inbred (nearly homozygous) parental lines. This is most often accomplished in carinata through the development of inbred parents using the Ogura pollination control system, where one parent is functionally male sterile (CMS or A-line) and the other restores fertility to the F1 hybrid (Rf or R-line).

Leaf colour means the colour of the leaf blade of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages (on a plot basis). A categorical scale is most often used, where DG=Dark green; G=Green; LG=Light green; BG=Bluish green.

Leaf glaucosity refers to the presence or absence of a fine whitish powdery coating on the surface of the leaves, and the degree thereof, when present. Numerical scale used to rate this trait: 3=weak, 5=medium, 7=strong.

Leaf Length is the total length of the leaf from attachment of the petiole to the stem, to the tip of the blade, measured in cm, of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. It is estimated using an average of measurements from at least 30 plants.

Leaf number of Lobes means the frequency of leaf lobes, when present, of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. 3=few, 5=medium, 7=many.

Leaf Width is the width, in cm, of the widest part of the leaf blade of lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages. It is estimated using an average of measurements from at least 30 plants.

Locus refers to a specific location in a chromosome.

Lodging, is the displacement of stems from their vertical and proper placement, observed as extent to which plants of a given variety remain upright; upright plants are easier to harvest with harvesting equipment. In some trials, lodging is measured on a scale of 1-5, where 1=significantly less lodging than check variety; 5=significantly greater lodging than check variety. In other trials, lodging is measured on a scale of 1-7, where 1=plot flat on the ground; 2=most of plot on ground; 3=75% lodged; 4=50% lodged; 5=25% lodged; 6=only slight lodging/stem bending noticed; 7=no lodging.

Maturity may be determined based on Seed Maturity, Physiological Maturity or both.

Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) refers to a non-destructive, spectrometric method commonly used to assess seed quality parameters in grain producing crops. Estimates of total seed oil content and fatty acid profile, as well as total glucosinolate and protein content on a whole seed basis, are examples of parameters for which NIR is commonly employed.

Number of seed-bearing pods is determined by counting the number of pods containing at least one viable seed on the main raceme, as measured in at least eight plants of the same line at full pod set stage.

Oil content means the typical percentage by weight (wt %) of oil present in the mature whole dried seeds, at less than 6% moisture, as determined near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (AOCS Procedure Am 1-92 Determination of Oil, Moisture and Volatile Matter, and Protein by Near-Infrared Reflectance).

Open-pollinated (OP) variety refers to varieties that are maintained and propagated primarily by means of self-pollination, and for which the next generation will be largely equivalent to the previous.

Pedicel Length is the typical length of the silique stem observed when mature, measured in mm, for 30 pods taken per plot, from pods occurring on mid-third of the main raceme.

Petiole Length is the length of the petiole, measured in cm, from attachment of the petiole to the stem, to the start of the leaf blade, as observed in lower leaves at the late bolting to early flowering stages.

Phenotype refers to the outward appearance or manifestation of given traits of varieties, individual plants, or plant parts (such as leaves or seeds).

Physiological maturity means the number of days from planting to the stage when pods with seed change colour, from green to a dry tan look and when about 70-80% of stems and pods dry-down, corresponding to stages 90 and beyond of the BBCH scale (Meier, et al., 2009).

Plant includes the whole plant, or any plant parts such as plant organs, plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell cultures, or plant tissue cultures form which whole plants can be regenerated, plant callus, plant cell clumps, plant transplants, seedlings, plant cells that are intact in plants, plant clones or micropropagations.

Plant height means the overall plant height from ground level to the average of the top of the plant canopy, in cm, taken between mid-flowering and full pod-set stages of plant development.

Plant length is the length of the plant, in cm, measured at maturity. For this trait, it is typically an average 30 or more plants measured individually from the same variety.

Plant part includes, but is not limited to, harvested tissues, fruits, organs, plant cuttings, vegetative propagations, embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, leaves, fruits, fruit flesh, seeds, clonally propagated plants, roots, stems, stalks, root tips, grafts, parts of any of these and the like, or derivatives thereof, preferably having the same genetic makeup (or very similar genetic make up) as the plant from which it is obtained. Plant part also includes any developmental stage, such as seedlings, cutting prior or after rooting, mature and/or immature plants, or mature and/or immature leaves.

Ploidy refers to the number of sets of chromosomes exhibited by the line, for example, diploid (two sets) or tetraploid (four sets).

Plot refers to a group of carinata plants, grown in one or multiple rows of varying lengths, which is often used as the basic unit of measurement for a number of traits. These are often, but not always, associated with replicated yield trials.

Pod shatter loss is the amount of seed lost from shattered pods at harvest; seeds are collected in three 7″×13″ pans placed 3′ from either end or at center of each plot and converted to kg/ha.

Pod shatter resistance, or shatter resistance, means the resistance to silique shattering observed at seed maturity. 1=not tested, 3=poor, 5=fair, 7=good, 9—does not shatter.

Pod (silique) Beak length, measured in mm, for 30 pods taken per plot, from pods occurring on mid-third of the main raceme.

Pod (silique) length is the length of the pod not including the pedicel or beak, measured in mm, for 30 pods per plot taken from the mid-third of the main raceme.

Pod (silique) width is the typical pod width when mature, for 30 pods per plot taken from the mid-third of the main raceme. Rating scale is typically categorical: 3=narrow; 5=medium, 7=broad.

Primary raceme length, measured in cm, means the measurement of the main raceme from the last (youngest) branch to the top of the inflorescence. This measurement often taken from end flowering to full pod set stage of plant development.

Progeny refers to plants derived from a plant of Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. Progeny may be derived by regeneration of cell culture or tissue culture, self-pollination, crossing at least one plant of Brassica carinata producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions with a plant of another variety or line of Brassica carinata or other Brassicaceae species, or by producing seeds of a Brassica carinata variety or plant producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

Protein content means the typical percentage by weight (wt %) of protein in the oil-free meal of the mature whole dried seeds, at less than 6% moisture, analyzed using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (AOCS Procedure Am 1-92 Determination of Oil, Moisture and Volatile Matter, and Protein by Near-Infrared Reflectance).

Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) is the most common experimental design used in standard replicated yield testing, typically consisting of four replications of various breeding lines or varieties, having the complete set of entries arranged in different randomizations for each replication.

Recovery from frost damage, is assessed by rating the same plots at a couple additional time points beyond the initial rating, often at two and three weeks following a hard frost event.

Regeneration means the development of a plant from cell culture or tissue culture or vegetative propagation.

Replication refers to a series of ratings or observations, taken from different plots or samples of the same variety, breeding line, or trait thereof, from plants grown at the same location or within a given set of trials. Replicated measurements are critical for greater accuracy in statistical analysis.

Resistance means the ability of a plant to withstand exposure to an insect, disease, herbicide or other potentially stress-inducing condition. A resistant plant variety or hybrid will have a level of resistance higher than a comparable check variety or hybrid.

Saturated Fatty Acids refer to Fatty Acids in which carbon chains are linked by single bonds; they lack unsaturated links between carbon atoms. The Saturated Fatty Acid content of oil in the seed is

Sclerotinia resistance is typically rated on a scale from 0-5; 0=no symptoms were observed, 1=infection of pods only, 2=disease prevalence on 25% of upper plant, 3=50% prevalence, 4=75% prevalence, and 5=disease symptoms are seen throughout entire plant and considered severe.

Seed colour (NIR), means the seed coat colour of typical mature seeds based on NIR analysis. For this objective measurement, the colour of an aggregate sample of seed (1-5 g of seed) is determined by using the FOS XBR, or equivalent, near infrared spectrophotometer as a reflectance spectrophotometer over the visible range (400 nm to 700 nm) to provide an objective description of the carinata seed color, essentially as described (Black and Panozzo, 2004) except that seed color is described in terms of the Hunter L*A*B* color space rather than CIEL*A*B* color space.

Seed colour (visual), is a subjective categorization of the predominant seed coat colour at seed maturity for a given variety or breeding line. These are generally grouped into the following categories: Y=Yellow or bright yellow; DY=Dark yellow; LB=Light brown; B=Brown; DB=Dark brown; 0=Orange.

Seed Maturity refers to number of days from planting to the stage when 70-80% seeds on main raceme had seeds with complete colour change and hard when pressed between fingers.

Seeds per pod, means the average number of seeds per pod, in at least 30 pods taken from the mid-third of the main stalk.

Seed weight (thousand seed weight, or TKW), means the weight, in grams, of 1,000 typical seeds determined at maturity, as measured at a seed moisture content of approximately 5-6%.

Self-pollination or “selfing” means the self-pollination of a plant by transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of the same plant. Carinata is a self-compatible species, meaning there are no genetic or physiological impediments to successful self-pollination.

Stand is the number of plants counted in 4 rows and converted to plants/m². Recorded 2-4 days before harvest.

Stem colour refers to the predominant stem colour at bolting stage, depending on levels of anthocyanin manifest in the stem. This is generally categorical, characterized as G=Green; LP=Light Purple; and P=Purple or dark purple.

Tissue culture refers to a composition comprising isolated cells of the same or a different type or a collection of such cells organized into part of a plant. This technique is an integral part of breeding techniques such as doubled haploidy, whereby new diploid plants of a unique, homozygous genetic composition are generated in lab conditions to the point where normal plant growth can occur in the field or in a greenhouse.

Tolerance is commonly used in the context of plants affected by abiotic stress, diseases, or pests and is used to describe an improved level of field resistance.

Traditional plant breeding techniques include, but are not limited to, crossing, selfing, selection, double haploid production, embryo rescue, marker assisted selection, mutation breeding, backcross breeding, single seed descent, and any other method known to the breeder other than genetic modification and transformation/transgenic methods, by which a genetically heritable trait can be transferred from one carinata line or variety to another, or traits of interest fixed in one genetic background.

Trait introgression refers to plants within a variety have been modified in a manner that retains the overall genetics of the variety and further comprises one or more loci with a specific desired trait, such as male sterility, disease, or herbicide resistance. Backcrossing followed by inbreeding or DH line generation is a common methodology to achieve this objective. Using this technique, one or more value added traits may be introduced into a single carinata variety.

Transgene means a genetic locus comprising a DNA sequence which has been introduced into the genome of a Brassica carinata plant by transformation. A plant comprising a transgene stably integrated into its genome is referred to as a transgenic plant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect, the present invention relates to a Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions is provided. The total glucosinolate content of the seed of the Brassica carinata plant may be at least 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 42%, 44%, 46%, 48%, or 50% lower than the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In one embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is at least 14% lower than the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested sees. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is at least 20% lower than the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is at least 25% lower than the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is at least 30% lower than the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is at least 35% lower than the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is at least 40% lower than the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

In other embodiments, the total glucosinolate content of the seed of the Brassica carinata plant may be at least 8 μmol/g, 9 μmol/g, 10 μmol/g, 11 μmol/g, 12 μmol/g, 13 μmol/g, 14 μmol/g, 15 μmol/g, 16 μmol/g, 17 μmol/g, 18 μmol/g, 19 μmol/g, 20 μmol/g, 21 μmol/g, 22 μmol/g, 23 μmol/g, 24 μmol/g, 25 μmol/g, 26 μmol/g, 27 μmol/g, 28 μmol/g, 29 μmol/g, 30 μmol/g, 31 μmol/g, 32 μmol/g, 33 μmol/g, 34 μmol/g, 35 μmol/g, 36 μmol/g, 37 μmol/g, 38 μmol/g, 39 μmol/g, or 40 μmol/g lower than the GSL content of seed produced by existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

The present invention also relates to any plants produced or derived from seeds, plants, and plant parts of a Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, that exhibit “carinata character”.

For the purpose of the present invention, plants exhibiting “carinata character” have an erect, upright bearing, are highly branching, with well-developed and aggressive tap root systems (Barro and Martin, 1999). Leaves are generally wide elliptic in shape with weak-medium dentation, medium glaucosity, and very sparse pubescence. Seeds are globose, 1-1.5 mm in diameter and finely reticulated (Mnzava and Schippers, 2004) and vary from yellow to yellow-brown to brown in colour (Getinet 1987; Rahman and Tahir, 2010).

Plants exhibiting “carinata character” may be produced from the seed of Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, using one or more (conventional) plant breeding technologies, cell culture or tissue culture technologies, and/or transgenic technologies.

In another aspect of the invention, the Brassica carinata plant producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions may be Brassica carinata variety DH-146.047 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43005), Brassica carinata variety DH-146.194, (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43006), Brassica carinata variety DH-146.214 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43007), or Brassica carinata variety DH-146.842 (representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43008).

In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 70 μmol/g as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) of mature seeds at less than 6% moisture, as recommended by the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RCC). The NIR is calibrated using a large array of samples with known GSL content determined previously by one or more methods including, but not limited to, gas chromatography of TMS-derivatives and HPLC of desulfoglucosinolates. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 65 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 60 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 55 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 50 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 45 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed. In another embodiment, the total glucosinolate content of the seed is no greater than 40 μmol per gram of seed as determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR) analysis of harvested seed.

Plant Breeding Technologies

Critical to the development and breeding of any crop is the ability to make use of genotypic and phenotypic diversity. Breeding strategies make use of the plant's method of pollination: self-pollination, where the pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower on the same plant or a genetically identical plant; sib-pollination, when individuals with the same family or line are used for pollination; or cross-pollination, where the pollen comes from a flower on a genetically different plant from a different family or line.

For practical application, a breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection to produce many unique genetic combinations. For a newly developing crop such as carinata, it is necessary to be able to obtain a sufficient pool of genetic material to identify genetic backgrounds more adapted to target geographies (i.e. a better starting point), as well as variation for traits of interest. This allows for crossing or other modifications to be done to identify genetic combinations superior to the types already tested. Thus, an important initial objective is the collection and characterization of as large of a collection of genetic backgrounds as possible, for each target geography. Parental lines are selected based on breeding priorities and the unique combination of traits available in potential crossing parents. The selection of parents of these crosses is critical to the effectiveness of a breeding program. Parental lines may be closely or distantly related lines of a single plant species or may be two different species of the same genus.

Crossing, of (inbred) parental lines, by sexual hybridization, is typically done manually in controlled conditions. Often, two or three rounds of crossing are needed to accumulate beneficial alleles into a single genetic background. This includes evaluating offspring of a cross, selecting the most desirable (inbred) lines as future parents, and making the next round of parental selection based on priority targets. Theoretically, billions of different genetic combinations can be produced through a combination of mutagenesis, selfing, and crossing. Since the breeder has no direct control at the cellular level, two breeders will never independently develop the same variety of carinata plants have the same traits.

In each cycle of selection and evaluation, the breeder selects germplasm to advance to the next generation by growing individual plants in the chosen geography, soil and climate conditions, and collecting phenotypic data reflective of actual performance that would be realized by a seed producer. Traits collected focus on those that would be of agronomic or economic benefit in the crop. Examples of traits characterized in a carinata breeding program include, but are not limited to, early plant vigor, plant height, branching habit, days to flower, silique density, flower petal color, pod size, reaction to heat and water stress, disease susceptibility, and pod shatter tolerance.

In a typical carinata breeding program, the breeder initially selects and crosses two or more parental Brassica carinata lines, followed by repeated selfing and selection to produce many unique genetic combinations, which are evaluated for overall agronomic potential as well as specific traits. Such recurrent selection can be used to improve a population of either self- or cross-pollinating Brassica. Intercrossing of several parents creates a genetically variable population of heterozygous individuals and the best plants are selected based on individual superiority, outstanding progeny and/or excellent combining ability. New populations are created by further intercrossing and selection. This method is useful for the improvement of quantitatively inherited traits controlled by numerous genes.

Backcrossing may be used to transfer genes for a simply inherited, highly heritable trait from a donor parent to the recurrent parent. After the initial cross, individual plants with the desired trait of the donor parent are selected and backcrossed to the recurrent parent for several generations. The resulting progeny are expected to have the attributes of the recurrent parent and the desired trait from the donor parent. Backcrossing may be used in conjunction with pedigree breeding. Pedigree breeding and recurrent selection methods are used to develop varieties from breeding populations. Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, each with one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking in the other or that complement each other. Additional genotypes can be included in the breeding population if the original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics. In the pedigree method of breeding, five or more generations of selfing and selection may be used. For example, crossing of the two initial parents (the donor and recurrent parents) produces an initial F1 population, from which an F2 population is produced by selfing one or several F1 plants or by intercrossing two F1 plants (sib mating). Selection of hybrids with desired combination of traits may be conducted with the F2 population, or with the F3 or subsequent population.

Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for several generations become homozygous at nearly all gene loci and produce a uniform population of breeding progeny or inbred lines. Subsequent crosses with two different homozygous (inbred) lines produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that may be heterozygous for many gene loci. Crossing two plants each heterozygous at a number of gene loci will produce a population that differ genetically and will not be uniform.

Doubled haploid (or DH) technology allows for the generation of completely homozygous lines, which are a combination of genes of the parental lines, in a single generation. This accelerates the process of inbred line development dramatically as the process from seeding of parental lines to obtaining seed for a resulting inbred population from those parents will generally take about 18 months. To achieve a highly homozygous line using traditional self-pollination generally will take five or six growth cycles, which in the case of carinata would represent three years or six growth cycles, with two cycles completed per year. In DH technology, using appropriate in vitro conditions, haploid microspores from an F1 plant can be induced to differentiate into diploid embryos and subsequently plantlets. This technique typically relies on a percentage of regenerated plants to undergo spontaneous doubling (usually in the range of 20 to 60% of plants, depending on several factors), whereas the remaining plants will remain haploid and sterile. To increase the efficiency of space used for seed increase, such as in the greenhouse or field, a flow cytometer is used to distinguish at an early stage the chromosome content “n” or “2n” of each plant. Thus, the sterile plants can be discarded at an early stage.

In some instances, a desirable trait may not reside within the species of interest, specifically Brassica carinata. In that case, it may be possible to transfer the trait via interspecific or wide crossing. For interspecific crossing, one parent is a Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, and the second parent may be a different species of Brassica, including but not limited to B. juncea (L). Czern. (brown mustard), B. napus L. (rape, Argentine canola), B. nigra (L.) W. D. J. Koch (black mustard), B. rapa L. (field mustard, Polish canola), and B. oleracea L. (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi and kale). In other instances, the other Brassicaceae species including but not limited to Brassica alba, Brassica hirta, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Brassica nigra, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa, Sinapus alba, and Camelina sativa.

The methodology for performing interspecific crosses is similar to that described for within-species crosses described above. However, unlike intraspecific crosses, the likelihood that the resulting progeny will produce viable seed is very low and thus represents a formidable challenge to the success of this technique. To overcome this potential block, embryo rescue techniques are often employed to recover viable offspring from the cross. Essentially, this relies on the progeny surviving until the embryogenic stage at which point it can be dissected from the silique and placed into artificial growth medium. Under appropriate conditions, the cultured embryo can survive and be induced to differentiate into a plantlet, which can be grown into a mature plant. Successive rounds of embryo rescue may be needed until inbred progeny, or backcross-derived progeny, are stable and can produce fertile offspring without intervention. Often molecular markers, where available, are used to trace a specific allele from a related species into an adapted background in the target species, using repeated cycles of backcrossing.

In addition, to minimize the relative proportion of the donor genome from the non-carinata species, several rounds of back-crossing of the rescued plants with the Brassica carinata parent may be required to generate progeny having carinata character and the desired trait, which are stable and can produce fertile offspring.

Selection

Breeding nurseries are often the first cycle of evaluation of breeding populations. Generally, nurseries utilize single or paired rows with frequent checks (i.e., the best available commercial germplasm for a specified geography.

Various methods are used to screen breeding populations for individual plants with desired characteristics. Single seed descent procedure refers to planting a segregating population, harvesting a sample of one seed per plant, and using the one-seed sample to plant the next generation. When the population has advanced from the F2 to the desired level of inbreeding, the plants from which lines are derived will each trace to different F2 individuals. Since the number of plants in a population declines each generation due to failure of some seeds to germinate or produce seed, not all the F2 plants will be represented by a progeny in the final generation.

A multiple-seed procedure is when pods form each plant in a population are harvested and threshed together to form a bulk. Part of the bulk is used to plant the next generation and part is put in reserve. The advantage of this method is that it is faster to harvest seed with a machine than to remove one seed from each plant by hand. If desired, Double(d) Haploid methods can be used to extract homogeneous (homozygous) lines.

Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding

A breeding program can make use of marker assisted selection (MAS) and marker assisted breeding (MAB) technologies to accelerate the successful outcome of a breeding project. These techniques enable the identification of lines carrying a trait of interest in the laboratory, while other lines not containing a marker of interest can then be discarded at an early stage. These methods can also increase the efficiency of a program, as the lines being evaluated in the field have a greater probability of meeting seed quality or other criteria. MAS and MAB methods rely on the existence of a dense set of genetic markers for the species of interest. Genetic markers are the unique sequences that may be found in allelic forms of genes, distinguishing one allele from another. Like genes themselves, they can be transmitted to progeny in a Mendelian fashion and can thus be used to follow the movement of specific alleles from parents to progeny.

Molecular markers can be used in Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping whereby selection of plants with desired trait(s) is assisted by markers known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait—i.e., accumulation of markers linked to positive effecting alleles or elimination of markers linked to negative effecting alleles in the plant genome. Markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the markers of the donor parent. This can minimize the amount of genome from a donor parent that remains in the selected plants and/or the number of back crosses to the recurrent parent.

Other types of genetic markers in common use by persons skilled in the art include, but are not limited to, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).

Mutagenesis

Another method of creating genetic variation and capturing beneficial changes in a heritable fashion is through mutagenesis breeding. This method is often carried out via chemical means or ionizing radiation and is typically focused either on a microspore or on a whole seed level. In Brassica breeding, some common forms of mutagens used have been chemical agents such as ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), or high levels of ionizing radiation (x-ray or gamma irradiation or exposure to UV light). EMS produces random point mutations via low frequency methylation of guanine residues in genomic DNA. This results in altered Watson-Crick base pairing such that the affected base pairing is converted from G-C to A-T. ENU is also an alkylating agent that preferentially modifies thymine residues converting A-T to G-C. Ionizing radiation may affect DNA in many ways but typically the mutations are double strand breaks leading to deletions and frameshift mutations that are frequently inactivating.

To carry out this technique, seedlings or microspores are exposed to the mutagenic agent and the surviving fraction are allowed to develop into mature plants. In some cases, the mutagenized plantlets or embryos (in the case of microspore mutagenesis) may be exposed to selection in order to enrich for a particular phenotype. For example, mutagenesis has been used to develop plants that are resistant to the actions of specific herbicides; in this instance the developing plantlets or microspores can be grown in vitro in the presence of the herbicide(s) of interest in order to select for those plants with the appropriate mutations conferring resistance. The advantage of the microspore mutagenesis of the seed approach is that the resultant DH plants can be used to derive pure and homozygous plant lines where all induced mutations, whether dominant or recessive, would be expressed. Mutagenesis has been used to develop Brassica varieties with resistance to various herbicides, altered seed oil profiles and increased tolerance to disease and abiotic stress.

Genetic Transformation and Transgenic Technologies

In instances where unique and valuable traits are known to be available in distant plant or in non-plant species that cannot be transferred to Brassica carinata via classical breeding, and where the genes for those traits have been cloned, a breeding program may employ genetic transformation techniques, or transgenic technologies, to stably transfer those genes into this species. Transfer of cloned genetic elements into B. carinata have been achieved via a number of means, including PEG-mediated nucleic acid uptake into protoplasts (Johnson, et al., 1989), electroporation into protoplasts (Fromm, et al., 1985), ballistic infiltration using nucleic acid coated microprojectiles (Finer, et al., 1999), Agrobacterium-based vector infiltration (Babic, et al., 1998), and infection using plant virus-based vectors (Gleba, et al., 2004). Aside from having the genes of interest in cloned form, the other requirements include having the genes cloned into a suitable vector to allow for their propagation in an appropriate bacterial system, as well as their packaging in appropriate viral and Agrobacterium strains if transformation utilizes an infectious route of transfer. Once transferred, the gene(s) of interest would also require appropriate plant-based promoters, enhancers and terminators to allow for the correct temporal and tissue specific pattern of expression for the heterologous gene. Finally, to select for those rare events where the heterologous gene expression unit has been successfully transferred into the plant genome, a selectable marker may be introduced, either physically linked to the heterologous gene of interest or co-transformed with the gene of interest at a suitable ratio to favor co-insertion.

The selectable marker may consist of a gene that can confer resistance to a particular herbicide or antibiotic that would otherwise kill the plant, a gene that may confer a growth advantage, a gene that may alter a response to plant hormones, or a gene that expresses a fluorescent protein that can allow transformed cells to be easily visualized. Examples of selectable markers conferring resistance to antibiotics that have been successfully used in Brassica transformation are the NPTII gene (Bevan 1984; Datla, et al., 1992), encoding an enzyme conferring resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin, and the HPT gene encoding an enzyme conferring resistance to the antibiotic Hygromycin (Rothstein, et al., 1987). Examples of selection markers based on conferring tolerance to herbicides and successfully used in Brassica transformation are the BAR (Thompson, et al., 1987) and PAT (Wohlleben, et al., 1988) gene products, which encode phosphinothicine acetyltransferase and confer resistance to glufosinate (bialaphos) or L-PPT, and the AHAS gene product encoding acetohydroxyacid synthase enzyme conferring resistance to imidazolinones (Miki, et al., 1990). Other plant selectable markers have been developed whose actions are not based on conferring resistance to toxic compounds per se but instead allow survival in the presence of nutrients not normally metabolized by the wildtype organism.

Transformation cannot only be used to introduce heterologous genes into the genome of carinata plants, it can also be used to introduce nucleic acid constructs that are designed to modulate the expression of endogenous genes. Genes encoding antisense RNA or RNAi sequences (Tang and Galili, 2004) can be used to interfere or knock down the expression of endogenous genes to extremely low levels, simulating the effect of a null mutation at the endogenous locus. This relies on the continuous stable expression of the antisense RNA or RNAi to be effective. In amphidiploid Brassica species such as napus, juncea and carinata, multiple copies of genes from the contributing ancestral species may create a high level of functional redundancy such that a single mutation in one of the homologues may not be sufficient to confer a phenotype. However, by using an RNAi or antisense approach, where the interfering RNA is derived from conserved sequences, one may conceivably be capable of targeting all the expressed homologues and achieving a functional knockdown effect.

Examples modifications that can be introduced into Brassica carinata using genetic transformation include, but are not limited to,

-   -   genes that control pollination, hybrid seed production, or         male-sterility;     -   genes encoding resistance to pathogens and insect pests (plant         disease resistance gene(s); gene(s) conferring resistance to         fungal pathogens; natural or synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis         (Bt) protein or a derivative thereof; an insect-specific hormone         or pheromone coach or a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist         or agonist thereof; an insect-specific peptide that disrupts the         physiology of the affected pest; an enzyme responsible for         hyperaccumulation of a non-protein molecule with insecticidal         activity; a membrane permease, a channel former or a channel         blocker; a viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived         therefrom; an insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived         therefrom; genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance         (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes; antifungal         genes; detoxification genes, such as for fumonisin, beauvericin,         moniliformin, and zearalenone, and their structurally related         derivatives; cystatin and cysteine protease inhibitors; Defensin         genes; genes that confer resistance to Phytophora Root Rot, such         as the Brassica equivalents of the Rps 1, Rps 1-a, Rps 1-b, Rps         1-c, Rps 1-d, Rps 1-e, Rps 1-k, Rps 2, Rps 3-a, Rps 3-b, Rps         3-c, Rps 4, Rps 5, Rps 6, Rps 7, and other Rps genes);     -   genes that confer resistance to a herbicide (mutant ALS and AHAS         enzymes to confer resistance to imidazolinone or sulfonylurea         herbicides; mutant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase         (EPSP) and aroA genes conferring resistance to glyphosate;         phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyces         hydroscopicus phosphinothricin-acetyl transferase (BAR)         conferring resistance to other phosphono compounds such as         glufosinate; ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes conferring         resistance to pyridinoxy or phenoxy propionic acids and         cyclohexones; pabA and gs+ genes conferring resistance to         triazine; nitrilase gene conferring resistance to benzonitrile;         acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants         resistant to multiple types of herbicide);     -   genes that confer or contribute to altered fatty acids         (down-regulation of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic         acid; elevating oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or         decreasing linolenic acid via FAD-2 gene modification; altering         conjugated linolenic or linoleic acid content; altered LEC1,         AGP, Dek1, Superal1, mi1 ps, various lpa genes such as lpa 1,         lpa3, hpt, or hggt);     -   genes that confer or contribute to altered phosphorus content         (introduction of a phytase-encoding gene; up-regulation of a         gene that reduces phytate content);     -   genes that confer or contribute to altered carbohydrates,         antioxidant, or essential seed amino acids;     -   genes that create a site for site specific DNA integration, such         as the introduction of FRT sites that may be used in the FLP/PRT         system and/or Lox sites that may be used in the Cre/Loxp system;     -   genes that affect abiotic stress resistances (including, but not         limited to flowering, pod and seed development, enhancement of         nitrogen utilization efficiency, altered nitrogen         responsiveness, drought resistance or tolerance, cold resistance         or tolerance, and salt resistance or tolerance, and increase         yield under stress).

Gene Editing

More recently, several novel approaches have been developed which offer the ability to manipulate the plant genome in a targeted way. Collectively known as gene editing technology (Petolino, et al., 2010; Woo, et al., 2015, Sauer, z et al., 2016), the technologies share several important similarities:

-   -   they offer the ability to introduce small or large gene         deletions or insertions in the plant genome by means of targeted         double strand breaks at precise genomic locations;     -   they allow for the insertion of small inactivating mutations         into specific genes of interest;     -   they permit the replacement of an entire gene or gene segment by         a modified counterpart;     -   they allow for the insertion of a heterologous gene in a         specific genomic location which may represent a preferred site         for regulated gene expression. (i.e. downstream of a known         endogenous promoter/enhancer).

Locus Conversion

The Brassica carinata plants and varieties described herein represents a base genetic line with a novel trait (reduced GSL content in seed) into which other new loci or traits may be introduced using transgenic technologies or back-crossing. The term “locus conversion” refers to the product of such an introgression. For example, a donor parent having a specific desirable trait may be crossed with an inbred variety, the recurrent parent, which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks the desirable trait. The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection of the desired trait from the donor parent.

A locus converted plant cell of a locus converted plant is obtained by introducing one or more locus conversion in the Brassica carinata variety or plant described herein. The locus converted plant cell is therefore identical to a cell from the Brassica carinata variety or plant described herein except for the one or more locus conversion and the locus converted plant exhibits essentially all the physiological and morphological characteristics of the Brassica carinata variety or plant described herein. The locus conversion can confer a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. Both naturally-occurring and transgenic nucleic acid sequences may be introduced through backcrossing. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be used to reduce the number of backcrosses need to achieve the backcross conversion.

A locus conversion of the Brassica carinata variety or plant described herein will otherwise retain its genetic integrity. For example, a locus converted plant of the Brassica carinata variety described herein will comprise at least 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% of its base genetics of the starting variety. A locus converted plant of the Brassica carinata variety described herein will therefore have at least one, and possibly two or three physiological or morphological characteristics which are different from those of a locus converted plant of the Brassica carinata variety described herein and otherwise has all the physiological or morphological characteristics of a locus converted plant of the Brassica carinata variety described herein.

Male Sterility

To produce and test hybrid combinations, some form of pollination control system must be employed. The most widely used pollination control system to achieve this in Brassica species is the method of Ogura (Ogura, 1968) adapted and modified by scientists at INRA, which is based on control of pollination by use of male cytoplasmic sterility. In cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) plants, a mitochondrial gene mutation interferes with the flower's ability to produce viable pollen but does not affect the functionality of the flower's female components. Because the mutation is within the mitochondrial genome, it is transmitted maternally through the cytoplasm. CMS plant lines, termed A lines, can only produce viable seed via outcrossing with non-CMS plants; however, the F1 plants derived from the seed of such a crossing will also exhibit the CMS phenotype and will still not produce viable seed by self pollination.

The Ogura CMS trait, originally identified in Japanese radish varieties (Ogura, 1968), was transferred to Brassica oleracea via backcrossing (Bannerot, et al., 1977) then subsequently transferred to Brassica napus. These initial Brassica napus A lines were found to be deficient in terms of their sensitivity to cold and their tendency to exhibit leaf chlorosis, as well as fertility issues, which were ultimately found to be related to interactions with chloroplasts derived from the radish cytoplasm (Pelletier, Primard et al., 1983). Using a cell fusion approach, improved Brassica napus A lines were subsequently developed that overcame these Initial deficiencies (Pelletier, et al., 1987). A lines can be maintained by crossing them with B lines (lines that are genetically identical to A lines except that their cytoplasm is not CMS).

For production of fully fertile hybrid seed, CMS lines must be crossed with lines that contain a restorer function gene (Rf) which can restore the ability of CMS plants to produce viable pollen. Plant lines with the RF function stably incorporated and homozygous (termed RF lines) can be crossed with CMS lines and the F1 seed harvested from the CMS plants will represent a true hybrid and which will have the ability to produce fully fertile offspring capable of self pollination, a prerequisite for commercial grain production.

Such an Rf activity, first identified in radish, was introduced into Brassica napus (Heyn, 1976). It was subsequently shown that these lines were affected by fertility problems (Heyn, 1978; Pellan-Delourme and Renard, 1988). Intensive backcrossing of these initial lines eventually yielded material with improved fertility such that they could be used practically as Rf lines (Delourme, et al., 1991). It was further noted, however, that hybrid seed produced from crosses with the early versions of Brassica napus Rf lines often had high glucosinolate levels (Delourme, Foisset et al., 1998) that made generation of canola quality hybrids problematic. Efforts to develop improved Rf lines by reducing the amount of extraneous radish genetic material has resulted in newer generations of Brassica napus (Primard-Brisset, et al., 2005) and Brassica juncea (Tian, et al., 2014) Rf line families of sufficiently quality to be used in commercial hybrid seed production. Seed of Rf lines can be maintained by allowing self crossing of plants grown in isolated tents or fields.

A, B and Rf lines are thus the prerequisite components of an expandable production system for F1 hybrid seed. In practice, for production of pure hybrid seed:

-   -   a. the hybrid production fields are required to be         reproductively isolated from extraneous sources of Brassica         pollen;     -   b. Rf lines are seeded at a predetermined optimal ratio relative         to A lines and may be kept spatially separated from the A lines         so that the Rf plants can be readily removed post flowering, and         prior to harvest of the A line material;     -   c. pollinators are absolutely required to allow for maximal         pollination of the A lines by CMS pollen donors;     -   d. for maintenance and expansion of Rf stocks, Rf seed is         planted in isolation (either isolated fields separated from         other Brassica crops by great distance, or plots that are         reproductively isolated by virtue of a physical barrier such as         a tent) and allowed to self pollinate;     -   e. for maintenance and expansion of A line stocks, A lines and B         lines are planted in separate rows in isolated fields or tents         (as described above) and pollinators are used to promote         pollination of A lines with B line pollen. B lines are cut down         after flowering and before seed set and the A line plants are         allowed to come to maturity then harvested.         In some cases, a less labor- and cost-intensive alternative to         that described in (b) is employed whereby a low ratio of Rf         plants may be interspersed with the A line plants in the field         and harvested together. While there will be some level of         adulteration of the harvested hybrid grain with that of the self         pollinated Rf plants, however, in practice this level of         contamination will not greatly affect the commercial quality of         the hybrid seed

More recently, both the CMS and Rf traits have been transferred to Brassica carinata. The development of a set of genetically diverse CMS and Rf lines in Brassica carinata allows the testing of many combinations for the first time in this Brassica species.

In a hypothetical test scheme based on the Ogura CMS system, the following steps are carried out:

-   -   panels of genetically diverse Brassica carinata varieties are         selected from a previously characterized collection of elite         germplasm and used for introgression of CMS or Rf traits to         produce A and Rf test lines. Diversity can be estimated by         comparing differences in molecular marker profiles between         candidate lines;     -   crosses are carried out between selected diverse A and Rf test         lines, under conditions described in previous sections;     -   F1 carinata hybrid seed from test crosses are planted in         replicated small plot trials, F1 plants and harvested seed are         assessed for a number of traits including, but not limited to,         early vigour, yield potential, grain and oil yield per acre, as         well as seed quality traits;     -   patterns of heterosis between pairs A and Rf parents are         identified and F1 hybrid seed from promising combinations are         studied more extensively in larger, geographically diverse         trials; and     -   hybrid seed from specific combinations may be selected for         potential commercial release as a new variety.

Phenotype/Genotype

To be useful and reliable, a Brassica carinata variety or hybrid must be homogenous and reproducible. While there are a number of analytical methods known to the skilled person for assessing the phenotypical stability of a Brassica carinata variety or hybrid, the traditional method is the observation of phenotypic traits over the life of the carinata plant using data collected from field experiments conducted under the selected geographic, climatic, and soil conditions during one or more growing seasons. Phenotypic characteristics observed include, but are not limited to, traits associated with seed yield (pod density, number of seeds per pod, pod length), oil yield, seed oil quality (GSL and erucic acid content; fatty acid composition), seed protein content, seed protein quality, glucosinolate composition of meal, growth habit, lodging resistance, plant height, and pod shatter resistance. Other phenotypic characteristics that may be observed include, but are not limited to, traits associated with pest tolerance or resistance, cold or frost tolerance, disease tolerance or resistance, herbicide tolerance or resistance, early or late flowering, and/or early or late maturity.

In some embodiments, Brassica carinata varieties or hybrids useful for commercial crop production or production of commercial products may exhibit traits associated with seed yield, oil yield, seed oil quality, erucic acid content of seed or oil, glucosinolate content of seed, seed protein content, fatty acid composition of oil, glucosinolate composition of meal, meal protein content, growth habit, lodging resistance, plant height, and pod shatter resistance

In some embodiments, a Brassica carinata variety or hybrid may exhibit multiple traits or phenotypic characteristics that provide agronomic advantages in particular geographies, climates, cropping regimes, and/or soil types. For example,

-   -   Brassica carinata varieties for planting in regions with a         climate classified as being of tropical moist characteristics,         with planting occurring in fall or winter for harvest in spring         or summer, may be selected for one or more traits including, but         not limited to, superior yield of oil per area planted, shorter         time to maturity, improved frost tolerance, improved disease         resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.     -   Brassica carinata varieties for planting in regions with a         climate classified as being of cool temperate, dry         classification, with planting occurring in spring and harvest in         summer or fall, may be selected for one or more traits         including, but not limited to, superior yield of oil per area         planted, shorter time to maturity, tolerance to drought,         improved disease resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.     -   Brassica carinata varieties for planting in regions with a         climate classified as being of warm temperate, moist         characteristic for planting in fall or winter for harvest in         spring or summer, may be selected for one or more traits         including, but not limited to, superior yield of oil per area         planted, shorter time to maturity, tolerance to drought,         improved disease resistance, and resistance to pod shatter.

Other traits for which Brassica carinata varieties may be selected include, but are not limited to, Alternaria resistance, days to flowering, depth of canopy, duration of flowering, end of flowering, flower petal coloration, frost tolerance, herbicide resistance, leaf colour, leaf glaucosity, leaf length, leaf number of lobes, leaf width, maturity, seed maturity, number of seed-bearing pods, pod (silique) beak length, pedicel length, petiole length, plant height, plant length, pod (silique) length, pod (silique) width, primary raceme length, recovery from frost damage, Sclerotinia resistance, seed colour, seeds per pod, seed weight (thousand seed weight or TKW), and stem color.

Genotype assessment(s) can be used to confirm the homogeneity and reproducibility of a Brassica carinata hybrid, to identify plants of the same variety or related variety, and to confirm the pedigree of the plant. Techniques known to those skilled in the art for the analysis and comparison of plant genotype include, but are not limited to, whole genome sequencing, Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs).

The Brassica carinata varieties of the present invention have shown uniformity and stability for all traits described in the variety description information in Tables 1, 2, 6, 7, and 11 which include morphological, agronomic, and quality traits for Brassica carinata varieties producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, such as Brassica carinata variety DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, or DH-146.842. The detailed phenotypic information provided in Tables 1, 2, 6, 7, and 11 is based on data collected in field experiments using conventional agronomic practices. For comparative purposes, Brassica carinata varieties AAC-A120 and AGR044-312D-HP11 (WO2017/181276A1; henceforth referred to as “AGR044-HP11” or “HP11”) were similarly grown as comparative check varieties in replicated experiments, and observations were recorded for the various morphological traits for Brassica carinata varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, or DH-146.842 and the comparative check varieties.

Disease

Varieties of Brassica carinata may be susceptible to a number of pathogens that commonly infect Brassica species including, but not limited to, the bacteria and fungi listed below:

Disease Organism Disease Organism Bacterial leaf Pseudomonas Light leaf spot Pyrenopeziza spot syringae brassicae Bacterial leaf rot Erwinia Powdery mildew Erysiphe polygoni marginalis Bacterial soft rot Pseudomonas Root rot complex Rhizoctonia solani, marginalis Fusarium spp., Pythium spp. Black rot Xanthomonas Seeding disease Rhizoctonia solani, campestris complex Fusarium spp., Pythium spp. Alternaria black Alternaria spp Sclerotonia white Sclerotonia spot stem rot sclerotiorum Alternaria grey Alternaria Aster yellow Phytoplasma spp. leaf spot brassicae Alternaria brassicola Alternaria Alternaria Damping off Phytophthora pos spot brassicae cactorum Pythium Alternaria spp. brassicola Black leg Leptosphaeria White leaf spot Mycosphaerella maculans capsellae Leptosphaeria biglobosa Black root Aphanomyces Grey stem Mycosphaerella raphanin capsellae Clubroot Plasmodiophora Wirestem and Rhizoctonia solani brassicae girdling root rot Downey mildew Peronospora White rust Albugo candida parasitica Fusarium wilt Fusarium Verticillium wilt Verticillium oxysporum longisporum Fusarium avenaceum

Examples of economically significant fungal diseases of Brassica species and mustard oilseeds include

-   -   a. Sclerotinia stem rot is caused by a fungus whose spores         infect Brassica species primarily during flowering stages and         whose incidence is associated with periods of high humidity.         Lesions are formed on the stems which can eventually kill the         plant. Fungicides are available which can control the severity         of the infection but must be applied at specific periods of the         plant lifecycle (i.e. at early to mid-flowering) for best         effect. Often multiple applications within this window of time         are necessary.     -   b. Alternaria is a fungal disease of Brassica species that         affects plants at all growth stages from early seedling through         to maturity although mature plants are more susceptible. The         greatest economic impact is on grain yield and quality. Foliar         fungicide application during the late flowering stage is an         effective way to mitigate the more detrimental effects of the         disease on grain yield and quality.     -   c. Blackleg is caused by a fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria         maculans of Brassica oilseed crops, which infects plants at all         stages, but early stage infections have the most serious         consequences, often culminating in plants with necrotic lesions         on their lower stems that can virtually sever the plants at the         base. Fungicides are only partially effective, having a minor         protective effect when applied at an early plant growth stage.     -   d. Clubroot is caused by a soil borne fungus-like pathogen         (Plasmodiophora brassicae) that affects the roots of Brassica         oilseed crops. The spores can persist for long periods in the         soil and there is currently no effective fungicidal treatment.         Management may require using rotations which limit the frequency         of Brassica planting.

The development of disease tolerant or disease resistant carinata varieties is important for achieving high yields of seed, oil, and other products from Brassica carinata. Conventional methods for control of microbial disease may employ one or more of chemical control, disease resistance, and culture control procedures such as crop rotation, liming, and use of bait crops.

When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated Brassica carinata plants in a field, harmful microorganisms can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more microbiocidal ingredients, such as a fungicide. Fungicides comprise a diverse set of chemical agents which can prevent or reduce the severity of plant infection by pathogenic fungi. There are numerous classes of fungicides. FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee; frac.info/home) lists 12 classes based on the different biochemical pathways that the fungicides within a class targets, as well as a 13^(th) class which comprises fungicides with unknown modes of action. Fungicides are also distinguished by their modes of delivery and sites of action: some fungicides are sprayed onto the plant's surfaces, some are applied to the soil surfaces either in granular form or as a liquid flooding the soil surface, while others are applied as seed treatments. Fungicides applied to the seeds or soils tend to be absorbed via the roots and are transported to all plant tissues via xylem. Fungicides that are foliar can be either local—i.e., protecting only the surfaces that they contact, systemic—i.e., absorbed by the upper plant surfaces but then transported by xylem to all above ground tissues, or partially systemic—i.e., they can be locally absorbed but can only be transported short distances to protect a somewhat more extensive surface than the initial point of fungicide contact. Fungicides can help mitigate the risk of losses incurred by fungal infection, but the costs of fungicide spraying are significant enough to require cost benefit and risk assessment type analyses to be carried out before deciding to proceed.

When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated Brassica carinata plants in a field, harmful microorganisms can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more microbicide or fungicide ingredient. Examples of microbiocides and fungicides useful for disease control for Brassica carinata include, but are not limited to, azoxystrobin, boscalid, fluxapyroxad, pyraclostrobin, picoxystrobin, propiconazole, metconazole, iprodione, prothiaconazole, vinclozolin, carbathiin, thiram, difenoconazole, metalaxyl, sedaxane, fludioxonil, penflufen, trifloxystrobin, and sedaxane.

Insect Pests

A variety of insect pests may infest and/or cause damage to a developing Brassica carinata plant. Common insect pests of Brassica at the seedling stage include, but are not limited to, aphids (Lipaphis erysimi, Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae), flea beetles (Phyllotreta cruciferae, Phyllotreta striolata, Psylliodes punctulata), cutworm (Agrotis orthogonia, Euxoa ochrogaster, Feltia jaculifera, Lacimpolia renigrea), and cabbage root maggot (Delia radicum). Common insect pests of Brassica at the flowering and podding stages include, but are not limited to, diamondback moth (Plutella xylostell), Berta armyworm (Mamestra configurata), and cabbage seed pod weevil (Ceutorhynchus obstrictus).

When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated Brassica carinata plants in a field, insect pests may be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more insecticide. Insecticides are a group of pesticide compounds designed to reduce or eliminate crop loss due the predation of crop species by insects. Like herbicides and fungicides, insecticides are classified according to their mode of action and the biochemical pathways that they target. One classification scheme (IRAC MoA) advocated by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC; irac-online.org) lists 29 classes of insecticides grouped by the common biochemical processes and pathways that the insecticide compounds target. Like herbicides and fungicides, insecticide function and persistence can also be influenced by their sites of action, i.e. whether they are only active on the surface of plants as applied, or whether they function as systemic agents. Further differentiation among some insecticide groups may be apparent based on whether they exhibit selectivity for specific insect types due to distinctive aspects of that insect's biology. Given that some insects serve a beneficial role, such as controlling plant pests, serving as plant pollinators and improving the nutrient content of soil, it is important that insecticides not be applied indiscriminately, but rather are used in a way that limits their actions as much as possible to the desired target species. Thus, modalities such as timing of application, amount and route of application, and restrictions on the types of insecticides used and the crops they may be used are all incorporated into the registered usage criteria of insecticide as a means of ensuring their safety and efficacy.

Insecticides useful for the control of insect pests of Brassica carinata include, but are not limited to, zeta-cypermethrim, zeta-cypermethrim-S-cyanol, lambdacyhalothrin, methoxyfenozide, cyantraniliprole, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and clothianidin. Such insecticide can be applied as a seed treatment or as a foliar treatment.

Plant Pests

Brassica carinata is will out-compete many weeds if it establishes well. Some weed species, however, if allowed to establish early and persist, can affect quality and yield of all crops, including carinata. Examples of weeds that can adversely affect yield and quality include cochia, wild mustard, and wild radish. Weed management is thus an important aspect of modern agricultural practice and comprises several different but complementary approaches including physical methods to remove weeds before seed can be set, such as cultivation, tilling and rogueing of fields as well as use of chemical agents or herbicides to suppress or kill weedy species before they become established and/or are able to set and release their seed.

When producing a commercial crop or a group of cultivated Brassica carinata plants in a field, plant pests can be controlled by the application of a composition comprising one or more herbicide. Herbicides comprise a large group of chemical compounds that interfere with specific biological processes of the plants in such a way as to block their growth and survival. Herbicides are grouped into classes defined by the biological process with which they interact. These can include inhibition of lipid biosynthesis, inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis, hormonal regulation of plant growth, inhibition of photosynthesis, inhibition of nitrogen metabolism, inhibition of plant pigments biosynthesis or function, agents which can disrupt cell membranes and agents which inhibit seedling growth (Sherwani, et al., 2015). In general, different compounds and herbicide classes may display preferential efficacy against certain weedy species. Moreover, some crop species may display more tolerance to certain classes of herbicide than others. Thus, in a particular geographical region, the use of a particular herbicide for weed control may be dictated by the nature of the crop being cultivated and the native weeds encountered in the region. The registered usage also specifies specific methods of application of the herbicide, including recommended concentration of herbicide, use of appropriate diluents, adjuvants, or surfactants, method of delivery (i.e. spray versus granular), timing of application at appropriate crop stage to ensure least crop damage, timing of application and number of applications to ensure optimal weed control, location of application (foliar or soil application), recommended weather conditions for optimal weed control. Some examples of herbicides recommended for use with Brassica carinata grown in SE USA are listed (Seepaul, et al., 2015).

Seed Cleaning

“Cleaning (of) seed” or “seed cleaning” refers to the removal of foreign material from the surface of the seed. Foreign material to be removed includes, but is not limited to, fungi, bacteria, insect material (including insect eggs, larvae, and parts thereof), and any other pests that exist on the surface of the seed. “Cleaning (of) seed” or “seed cleaning” also refers to removal of any debris or low quality, infested, or infected seeds, or seeds of different species that are foreign to the sample.

Seed Treatment

Prior to planting, Brassica carinata a composition may be applied to the seed as a seed treatment. The composition may be applied at any time from harvesting of the seed to sowing of the seed using methods including, but not limited to, mixing in a container, mechanical application, tumbling, spraying, misting, and immersion. The composition may be applied as a liquid, a slurry, a mist, a soak, or a powder. The composition may comprise one or more of a pesticide, fungicide, insecticide, antimicrobial, a bacterial or fungal inoculant for nutrient utilization, plant growth regulator, or plant signalling compound. A general discussion of techniques for application of fungicides to seeds may be found, for example, in chapter 9 of (Jeffs 1978)

Commercial Crops and Commercial Plant Products

Commercial crop production comprises the steps of seeding, cultivation and harvesting of grain:

-   -   Seeding: Brassica carinata can be planted into conventionally         tilled soil where conventional tillage or full-tillage comprises         a substantial soil inversion repeated several times yearly such         that few plant residues remain at the soil surface at the time         of seeding. Alternatively, carinata can planted into soil that         is maintained under conservation tillage practices whereby the         extent and frequency of tillage is substantially reduced with         respect to conventional tillage (so-called medium or low tillage         soil management) or preferably, it may be no-till planted in         standing stubble. Seeding is carried out at a rate designed to         achieve plant densities in a range from 80 to 180 plants per         square meter. B. carinata should be seeded at a consistent 1.25         to 2.5 cm depth. Brassica carinata is a mid- to long-season crop         that requires a slightly longer growing season than other         mustard types. Hence seeding early provides the best results.         The ideal seeding date depends greatly on geography and weather.         In general, soils should be at least 4° C. (40° F.) or higher         before planting. In the Canadian Prairies and US northern tier,         typical planting occurs in spring between early April to late         May. In South Eastern US, typical planting occurs in fall         between October and December. In South America, the optimal         planting time occurs in fall or winter (i.e. typically between         beginning of May to end of June).     -   Cultivation: For good stand establishment, Brassica carinata         requires adequate soil moisture at seeding and through emergence         but can tolerate reduced moisture thereafter and stands up well         to the semi-arid mid-summer conditions. Brassica carinata is a         temperate climate crop but which has been adapted to the more         extreme conditions experienced in the southern Canadian prairies         and Northern Tier US states. During initial stand formation,         carinata can recover from short term frost conditions and         tolerates higher heat during flowering and seed set better than         other Brassica oilseeds. The fertility requirements of Brassica         carinata are similar to other mustards and canola. Adequate         availability of the primary macronutrients nitrogen,         phosphorous, potassium and sulfur are required to achieve the         true yield potential. Lesser amounts of secondary         macronutrients, including calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and         sulfur (S) and trace amounts of micronutrients (such as boron,         copper, Iron, manganese, zinc) may also contribute to optimal         plant growth and yield. Fertilizer rates vary with growing zone         and soil fertility     -   Harvesting is the act of collecting the portion of a plant that         has matured sufficiently over the course of a growing season and         that has value as a source of food, feed, fibre, feedstock,         structural material or as a propagule for the plant itself.         Brassica carinata is harvested, for example, by mechanical         harvesting, ideally when seed maturity is reached (seed, pods         and stalks turn from green to yellow, seed moisture is 9.5 5 or         less). Brassica carinata can be combine harvested by straight         cutting or, if need be can be swathed at an early stage, allowed         to dry naturally or with the aid of a desiccant, then the dried         swath can be combined. Swathing mean cutting near the base of         the plant and allowing the plant to lie flat in field for         several days to allow the grain to reach the appropriate         dryness. However, since Brassica carinata has a sturdy stalk,         the preferred method for harvest of carinata is direct combining         at maturity, rather than swathing or pushing followed by         combining.     -   Combining: refers to the process of reaping and collecting the         seed pods from the matured crop, threshing the seed pods to         release the seed (grain), and winnowing to separate and recover         the grain from the now empty seed pods, stems, and branches         (collectively referred to as chaff). These once distinct         operations are today often “combined” by use of a         multifunctional mechanized apparatus, appropriately known as a         “combine” harvester.     -   Grain, in reference to Brassica carinata, refers to the seed         harvested at maturity and sold as a source of oil and meal         products.

Commercial products produced from Brassica carinata seed include, but are not limited to, crushed, non-viable seed, oil, meal, and protein isolate. Production of oil, meal and protein isolate involves multiple steps. Typically, the seeds are cleaned then crushed in a roller mill to generate flakes. The flaked seed then undergoes a cooking process in which it is conveyed to a heated drum where the flakes are cooked at elevated temperatures (typically from 70-90° C.). The cooking helps to reduce the viscosity of the oil to allow for more efficient extraction in subsequent steps. Cooked seed flakes are then pressed in a series of screw presses or expellers which can remove 50-60% of the oil. Aside from the oil, which is removed for further processing, the pressing produces a meal cake that is ideal for solvent extraction. Using several cycles of extraction, the meal cake is treated with a solvent such as hexane to remove the residual oil from the meal. The meal is then transferred to a desolventizer-toaster where it is heated to remove remaining solvent; the final step of the process, called toasting, involves injection of stream into the meal to remove the last traces of solvent. The meal is then cooled and dried by blowing forced air through it. In some cases, the seed can also be processed using a cold press methodology which is similar to above except it does not involve the use of solvent to remove residual oil from the oil cake, resulting in a meal with much higher oil composition. In other cases, meal containing high levels of glucosinolates can be combined with other ingredients and formulated into pellets for use as a biofumigant (U.S. Publication No. 2008/0199451).

Brassica carinata plants can also be used commercially for biofumigation to reduce the population of disease-causing organisms in the soil. Typically, a field is seeded with Brassica plants early in the planting season, the plants are grown for a time, and the biomass is collected between flowering and before seed set. The plant biomass is then chopped to release the myrosinase enzyme and convert the glucosinolates in the plant biomass to isothiocyanates. The chopped biomass is tilled into the soil prior to seeding of a second crop.

Uses of Brassica carinata Plants Producing Seed with Reduced Glucosinolate (GSL) Content

The Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata in the same location under the same environmental conditions can be used in accordance with any of the breeding methods described herein, as well as in breeding methods known to those skilled in the art, to produce carinata hybrids or other progeny plants having the desired traits and characteristics of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata in the same location under the same environmental conditions as described herein.

The invention is directed to methods for producing carinata seeds, plants and plant parts from a carinata plant produced by crossing a first parent plant with a second parent plant, wherein the first parent plant is the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, and the second parent plant is the same Brassica carinata variety, a different Brassica carinata variety, or a variety of another Brassicaceae species. In some embodiments, the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, may be the male or female parent. In other embodiments, either the first or second parent plant may be male sterile. In some embodiments, the second parent plant comprises a desired trait. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a first generation (F1) hybrid Brassica carinata seed, as well a first generation (F1) hybrid plant grown from such seed, comprising crossing the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, with a different Brassica carinata plant or variety and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid Brassica carinata seed, and wherein the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, is either a female parent or a male parent.

In another aspect, the invention is further directed to a method of for producing a Doubled Haploid (DH) variety comprising isolating a flower bud of the F1 hybrid plant, dissecting out a haploid microspore, placing the haploid microspore in culture, inducing the microspore to differentiate into an embryo and subsequently into a plantlet, identifying whether the plantlet contains a diploid chromosome number, wherein the diploid chromosome number occurred through chromosome doubling, and continuing to grow the plantlet if it contains a diploid chromosome number. In one embodiment, the diploid chromosome number is obtained by chemical or physical means. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a plant, plant part, or seed of such Double Haploid variety produced from the F1 hybrid plant resulting from crossing the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, with a different Brassica carinata plant.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to producing a Brassica carinata plant or variety, as well as a plant, plant part or seed therefrom, by crossing the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, with a second Brassica carinata plant or variety having a desired trait, growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants that have the desired trait, backcrossing the selected progeny plants that have the desired trait with plants of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, to produce backcross progeny seed, and growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait. In some embodiments, the steps of backcrossing and growing the resulting progeny seed may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, 1 to 10 times, or until the Brassica carinata plant or variety produced from the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, has the desired trait and produces seed with a total glucosinolate content reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In other embodiments, the steps of backcrossing and growing the resulting progeny seed may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, 1 to 10 times, or until the Brassica carinata plant or variety produced from the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, has the desired trait and produces seed with a total glucosinolate content reduced by at least 8 μmol per gram of seed relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

In other embodiments, the steps of backcrossing and growing the resulting progeny seed may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, 1 to 10 times, or until the Brassica carinata plant or variety produced from the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. In other embodiments, the present invention is also directed to a cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait, as well as seeds, plants and plant parts of such variety, produced by the breeding methods described above.

In yet another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait, as well as seeds, plants and plant parts of such variety, by crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, with a plant of another species of the family Brassicaceae comprising the desired trait, producing F1 progeny plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F1 plants or growing F1 seeds, self-pollinating the F1 plants that have the desired trait and carinata character, producing F2 plants using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F2 plants or growing F2 seeds, self-pollinating the F2 plants that have the desired trait and carinata character, using embryo rescue techniques to recover viable F3 plants or growing F3 seeds to produce progeny plants, self-pollinating the progeny plants that have the desired trait and carinata character to produce further progeny plants, and selecting the progeny plants with the desired trait and carinata character. In some embodiments, the steps of producing progeny plants, self-pollinating, and selecting progeny plants having the desired trait and carinata character are repeated until the progeny plant has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata. In other embodiments, the steps of producing progeny plants, self-pollinating, and selecting progeny plants having the desired trait and carinata character may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, 1 to 10 times, or until the Brassica carinata variety produced from the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, has the desired trait and produces seed with a total glucosinolate content reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In other embodiments, the steps of producing progeny plants, self-pollinating, and selecting progeny plants having the desired trait and carinata character may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, 1 to 10 times, or until the Brassica carinata variety produced from the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, has the desired trait and produces seed with a total glucosinolate content reduced by at least 8 μmol per gram of seed relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

In other embodiments, the steps of producing progeny plants, self-pollinating, and selecting progeny plants having the desired trait and carinata character may be repeated 1 to 2 times, 1 to 3 times, 1 to 4 times, or 1 to 5 times, 1 to 10 times, or until the Brassica carinata variety produced from the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, has the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba. In other embodiments, the present invention is also directed to a cell, seed, plant, or plant part of a Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait, as well as seeds, plants and plant parts of such variety, produced by the breeding methods described above.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells of the plant or plant part produced from the seed of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein. The tissue may be selected from the group consisting of leaves, pollen, embryos, roots, root tips, pods, flowers, ovules, and stalks.

In some embodiments, the present invention relates to a Brassica carinata plant regenerated from the tissue culture having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata. In some embodiments, the Brassica carinata plant regenerated from the tissue culture produces seed with a total glucosinolate content reduced by at least 8 μmol per gram of seed relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions. In some embodiments, the Brassica carinata plant regenerated from the tissue culture produces seed with a total glucosinolate content reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.

In other aspects, the present invention is directed to a cell of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, as well as to a cell, plant or plant part, or a protoplast of a plant or plant part, produced from a seed of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein. In some embodiments, the plant part is an ovule, a leaf, pollen, a seed, an embryo a root, a root tip, a pod, a flower, or a stalk. In other embodiments, the plant part is pollen or an ovule. Another embodiment of the present invention is directed a cell, plant or plant part having the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata.

The present invention also includes a method of producing a Brassica carinata plant or variety comprising a desired trait, as well as a plant, plant part, or seed thereof, by introducing a nucleic acid construct conferring the desired trait into the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, using polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediated nucleic acid uptake, electroporation, ballistic infiltration using nucleic acid coated microprojectiles (gene gun), an Agrobacterium infiltration-based vector, or a plant virus-based vector. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises a transgene. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid construct comprises an RNAi construct. In other embodiments, the carinata variety comprises the desired trait and the physiological and/or morphological characteristics set forth in one or more of Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, as determined at the 5% significance level when grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions as the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata. In other embodiments, the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of male sterility, disease resistance, fungal resistance, pest resistance, herbicide tolerance, abiotic stress tolerance, and altered metabolism. In other embodiments, the desired trait is herbicide tolerance and the herbicide is selected from, but not limited to, the group consisting of glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinones, and auxin analogues such as 2,4-D and dicamba.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to the use of a plant of the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, to produce a Brassica carinata plant or variety comprising a new trait, wherein the new trait is introduced by exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent. In some embodiments, the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a cell of a plant of a Brassica carinata variety produced from the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, wherein the Brassica carinata plant or variety comprises a new trait and is produced by a method comprising exposing seedlings or microspores to a mutagenic agent and allowing the surviving fraction to develop into mature plants. In some embodiments, the mutagenic agent is ethyl methanesulfonate, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea, or x-ray, gamma or ultraviolet radiation.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a commercial crop of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, or a Brassica carinata plant or variety produced by any of methods described herein. In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing a commercial plant product from the commercial crop. In some embodiments, the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant. In other embodiments, the commercial plant product comprises meal or protein isolate having a total glucosinolate content no greater than 30 micromoles per gram (dry weight).

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of producing crushed, non-viable seed of the Brassica carinata plant or variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check plants or varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, or a Brassica carinata plant variety produced by any of methods described herein.

In another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of biofumigation comprising, growing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety producing seed with reduced total glucosinolate content relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed from existing commercial or check varieties of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions, described herein, or a Brassica carinata plant or variety produced by any of methods described herein in a field, collecting the Brassica carinata plant biomass between flowering and seed set, chopping the biomass, and incorporating the chopped biomass into the soil.

The citation of any publication herein is not an admission that the publication is prior art with respect to the present application.

Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the appended claims.

It is to be understood that any numerical value inherently contains certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in the respective testing measurements. Also, as used herein, the term “about” generally means within 10%, 5%, 1%, or 0.5% of a given value or range. Alternatively, the term “about” means within an acceptable standard error of the mean when considered by one of ordinary skill in the art. Unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the present disclosure and attached claims are approximations that can vary as desired. At the very least, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Unless defined otherwise all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to encompass the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items.

As used herein, whether in the specification or the appended claims, the transitional terms “comprising”, “including”, “carrying”, “having”, “containing”, “involving”, and the like are to be understood as being inclusive or open-ended (i.e., to mean including but not limited to), and they do not exclude unrecited elements, materials or method steps. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”, respectively, are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases with respect to claims and exemplary embodiment paragraphs herein. The transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient which is not specifically recited. The transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope to the specified elements, materials or steps and to those that do not materially affect the basic characteristic(s) of the invention disclosed and/or claimed herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Field Trials

Small plot field experiments were conducted in Western Canada, in selected southeast or northern states of the United States, or in Uruguay, using best agronomic practices for carinata as describe the “Carinata Management Handbook” for the southeastern United States (agrisoma.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/2017_18_SE_Handbook.pdf) or for the northern tier United States and Canadian prairies (growcarinata.com/ckfinder/userfiles/files/US%20Northern%20Plainshandbook2018.pdf). Several newly developed carinata varieties, including DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design trial (RCBD), comprising 4 replicate plots (unless otherwise noted) along with plots of check varieties AAC-A120 and/or AGR044-312D-HP11 (henceforth referred to as “AGR044-HP11” or “HP11”). During the trials, the experimental lines and check lines were closely observed, and descriptions of phenotypic characteristics and agronomic traits were recorded. After plants had reached maturity, seed was collected for subsequent NIR based seed quality analysis (as described in the definitions section). Least square mean values from replicated data sets were calculated using the REML model and pairwise comparisons carried out using Tukey's test at the 5% probability level. All quantitative data analysis was carried out using JMP 13 or JMP 14(SAS).

Example 2: Varietal Characteristics of DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 Grown in Northern US and Canada

The northern tier states of the US, such as North Dakota (ND) and its neighbours, as well as the adjacent southern Canadian prairie regions of Alberta and Saskatchewan (SK) constitute an important Brassica oilseed growing region. Evaluation of new carinata varieties in this region allows for identification of those varieties that are best adapted to growing in the local environment, which comprises a semiarid environment with warm summer and cold winter season. Under such conditions, carinata varieties which are productive under long daylight spring-summer cultivation in semiarid environments would prove advantageous to local farmers. Field trials are carried out annually at several sites in the region as described in Example 1 to identify best candidates for commercialization based on agronomic traits, seed yield and quality as well as multi-year performance.

Trial Year Variety Trial sites 2017 DH-146.047 Devil's Lake ND, Milestone SK, Outlook SK DH-146.194 Carrington ND, Milestone SK, Outlook SK DH-146.214 Carrington ND, Devil's Lake ND, Milestone SK DH-146.842 Carrington ND, Indian Head SK, Milestone SK, Outlook SK 2018 DH-146.047 Brookings ND, Outlook SK DH-146.194 DH-146.214 DH-146.842

The detailed phenotypic information provided in Tables 1 and 2 is based on data collected from small plot, RCBD field experiments conducted in northern US states and Canada, as described in Example 1. Each characteristic was assessed as described in DEFINITIONS section, above.

TABLE 1 Agronomic characteristics observed in 2017 field trials in northern US and Canada (measurements that are significantly different are indicated by *) DH- AAC- DH- AAC- DH- AAC- DH- AAC- Trait 146.047 A120 146.197 A120 146.214 A120 146.842 A120 Early vigour (1-7 4.5 4.9 5.2 5.4 5.4 5.6 5.3 5.3 scale) Days to first ND ND 53.4* 48.6* 50.6 50.7 51.2 48.6 flower Days to end ND ND 74.5 77.3 72.0 75.8 ND ND flowering Flowering ND ND 24.3* 31.3* 26.0 28.8 ND ND duration (days) Days to ND ND 108.2 106.4 113.2 111.3 110.4 106.4 maturity Bottom pod 67.5 64.4 47.1 46.4 72.6 74.0 45.4 46.4 canopy (cm) Canopy height 111.9 104.4 94.9 96.7 111.3 113.7 83.8 96.7 (cm) Depth of 44 40 49.32 53.14 38.9 39.7 42.0 53.1 canopy (cm) Lodging 5.8 5.5 6 5.1 4.5 4.1 5.9 5.1 resistance (1-7)

TABLE 2 Agronomic characteristics observed in 2018 field trials in northern US and Canada Trait DH-146.047 DH-146.194 DH-146.214 DH-146.842 HP11 AAC-A120 Days to first flower 55 59.75 54.00 58.25 56 56 Days to end flowering 70 77.50 71.75 75.75 74 73 Flowering duration (days) 15 17.75 17.75 17.50 18 17 Bottom pod canopy (cm) 25.00 27.50 25.75 22.25 30.25 33.25 Canopy height (cm) 84.00 78.75 83.00 61.50 82.25 84.25 Depth of canopy (cm) 59.00 51.25 57.25 39.25 52.00 51.00

Brassica carinata varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 were observed to be similar to check variety AAC-A120 in most phenotypic characteristics, with the following exceptions:

-   -   Canopy In both the 2017 and 2018 trials, plants of DH-146.047         were slightly taller in stature than check variety; bottom of         canopy was observed to be slightly higher, and canopy depth was         observed to be slightly larger, than the check variety. In         contract, plants of DH-148.842 were shorter in stature than         check variety and canopy depth was observed to be smaller than         the check variety in both the 2017 and 2018 trials.

Agronomic data accumulated from the trials described above indicate that Brassica carinata varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 possess traits consistent with those of an existing commercial line typically grown in the northern US and Canadian southern prairies and supports selection of these varieties as suitable candidates for commercial cultivation in this region.

Example 3: Grain Yields from 2017 and 2018 Field Trials in Northern US and Canada

Table 3 (below) summarizes the results of yield analysis carried out on Brassica carinata varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 and check variety AAC-A120. Least square means (LSM) were calculated from replicate trials for each variety tested at each site using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for each DH-146 variety and the check variety grown at the same location. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 3 Grain yields from 2017 and 2018 field trials in northern US states and Canada LSM Yield Year Site Variety (kg/ha) Letters 2017 Devil's Lake, ND DH-146.047 4654 A AAC-A120 4055 AB Outlook, SK DH-146.047 4462 A AAC-A120 4380 A Milestone, SK DH-146.047 2140 ABC AAC-A120 2274 AB Carrington, ND DH-146.194 2954 A AAC-A120 2086 BC Outlook SK DH-146.194 3261 A AAC-A120 3434 A Milestone, SK DH-146.194 1629 AB AAC-A120 1827 AB Carrington, ND DH-146.214 2960 AB AAC-A120 2545 ABCDEF Devil's Lake, ND DH-146.214 4506 ABC AAC-A120 4046 ABCD Milestone SK DH-146.214 2210 ABC AAC-A120 2000 BCDEF Carrington, ND DH-146.842 2668 AB AAC-A120 2086 BC Indian Head, SK DH-146.842 2939 A AAC-A120 3057 A Milestone, SK DH-146.842 1985 A AAC-A120 1827 AB Outlook, SK DH-146.842 3309 A AAC-A120 3434 A 2018 Brookings, ND DH-146.047 1443 AB DH-146.194 1603 AB DH-146.214 1837 AB DH-146.842 1745 AB AAC-A120 1849 A Outlook, SK DH-146.047 3247 A DH-146.194 3055 A DH-146.214 ND A DH-146.842 3111 A AAC-A120 3732 A

While the yield data reflect considerable variation between sites, at each individual site the difference in LSM yields between a given DH-146.xxx variety and the commercial check variety AAC-A120 were small and only found to be significant for variety DH-146.194 grown at Carrington, N. Dak. in 2017.

The similar yield potentials for varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 and a commercial carinata variety used as check line, support selection of these varieties as suitable candidates for commercial cultivation in this region.

Example 4: Quality of Carinata Seed Harvested from Field Trials Conducted in Northern US and Canada in 2017 and 2018

Trials were conducted as described in Example 1. Seed quality data were obtained from NIR analysis as described above under DEFINITIONS, on replicated samples of harvested grain from small plot, RCBD field experiments. Least square means (LSM) were calculated for measurements of replicate samples using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for DH-146.047 and the check variety (Table 4). Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 4 Seed quality of DH-146 varieties from 2017 and 2018 trials in northern US and Canada. Quality Year Site Variety LSM Letters Seed Protein 2017 Combined sites DH-146.047 26.06 DEFGHI content, AAC-A120 27.90 ABC wt % of DH-146.194 27.88 CD seed AAC-A120 29.35 BC DH-146.214 26.61 CDE AAC-A120 28.27 ABCD DH-146.842 27.47 D AAC-A120 29.35 BC 2018 Brookings, ND DH-146.047 27.20 CD DH-146.194 27.35 CD DH-146.214 27.48 BCD DH-146.842 26.35 D AAC-A120 29.50 AB Outlook, SK DH-146.047 29.97 A DH-146.194 29.22 A DH-146.842 28.74 A AAC-A120 31.62 A Seed Oil 2017 Combined sites DH-146.047 46.26 BCDEFG content, AAC-A120 44.96 FGHI wt % DH-146.194 45.64 A of seed AAC-A120 43.12 BC DH-146.214 46.59 ABC AAC-A120 44.28 DEFG DH-146.842 45.75 A AAC-A120 43.12 BC 2018 Brookings, ND DH-146.047 45.46 CDE DH-146.194 47.28 ABC DH-146.214 46.92 BC DH-146.842 49.05 A AAC-A120 43.88 E Outlook, SK DH-146.047 42.86 AB DH-146.194 45.55 A DH-146.842 45.47 A AAC-A120 41.54 ABC Glucosinolates 2017 Combined sites DH-146.047 71.75 GHI (μmol/g) AAC-A120 94.92 ABC DH-146.194 74.0 E AAC-A120 102.9 B DH-146.214 62.58 L AAC-A120 97.07 CDEF DH-146.842 73.6 E AAC-A120 102.9 B 2018 Brookings, ND DH-146.047 45.09 BCDE DH-146.194 40.70 DE DH-146.214 40.43 CDE DH-146.842 33.83 E AAC-A120 65.43 AB Outlook, SK DH-146.047 79.25 C DH-146.194 75.55 C DH-146.842 70.96 C AAC-A120 102.15 AB Erucic Acid, 2017 Combined sites DH-146.047 39.97 EFGHI wt % of AAC-A120 40.64 DEFG total fatty DH-146.194 42.31 CD acids AAC-A120 43.04 CD DH-146.214 43.51 B AAC-A120 41.81 CDEFG DH-146.842 42.41 CD AAC-A120 43.04 CD 2018 Brookings, ND DH-146.047 43.19 ABCDE DH-146.194 42.25 CDE DH-146.214 45.28 ABC DH-146.842 43.35 BCDE AAC-A120 42.75 BCDE Outlook, SK DH-146.047 46.25 CD DH-146.194 47.57 BCD DH-146.842 45.28 CD AAC-A120 45.81 CD Total 2017 Combined sites DH-146.047 5.96 D Saturates, AAC-A120 5.92 DE wt % of DH-146.194 5.90 BCD total fatty AAC-A120 5.71 EF acids DH-146.214 6.01 CDEF AAC-A120 5.86 FGHIJ DH-146.842 5.97 BC AAC-A120 5.71 EF 2018 Brookings, ND DH-146.047 5.67 DE DH-146.194 5.85 CDE DH-146.214 6.04 ABCD DH-146.842 5.83 DE AAC-A120 5.90 BCDE Outlook, SK DH-146.047 5.72 CD DH-146.194 5.68 CD DH-146.842 5.93 ABC AAC-A120 5.56 CD

Seed oil Seed oil content was higher than content that of the check variety for DH- 146.194, DH-146.214 and DH-146.842 in grain harvested from 2017 trials, as well as from the 2018 trials in Brookings, ND. However, no differences in seed oil content relative to the check variety were observed in grain harvested from the 2018 trials in Outlook, SK. Seed Seed protein content was lower protein than that of the check variety for content DH-146.047 and DH-146.842 in grain harvested from 2017 trials. Seed protein content was lower than that of the check variety for DH-146.047, DH-146.194, and DH-146.842 in grain harvested from 22018 trials in Brookings, ND. However, no differences in seed protein content relative to the check variety were observed in grain harvested from the 2018 trials in Outlook, SK. Glucosinolates For all DH-146 varieties from all of the 2017 and 2018 trials, the seed glucosinolate content was reduced by 20 to 35 μmol GSL per g of seed, representing relative reductions in GSL content of 22 to 49% relative to the GSL content of seed from the check variety. Erucic Oil from grain produced by the DH-146 acid varieties in 2017 and 2018 has statistically similar levels of erucic acid (C22:1) compared to oil from grain of check variety AAC-A120 grown at the same trail site. Total Oil from grain produced by the saturates DH-146 varieties in 2018 has statistically similar proportion of saturate fatty acids compared to oil from grain of check variety AAC-A120 at both sites. In the 2017 trials, Oil from grain from varieties DH-146.194 and DH- 146.842 had higher levels of saturated fatty acids than oil from grain of the check variety.

The fatty acid profile of seed oil from the four DH-146 varieties, as determined by NIR analysis, was also compared to that of seed from check variety AAC-A120 and the results, expressed as the percentage by weight (mean of 4 samples) for each of the major fatty acid constituents of the oil is shown in Table 5. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 5 Fatty acid profile of oil from DH-146 varieties grown in Northern US and Canada in 2018 Location Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:1 Brookings, DH-146.047 5.77 ABCD 15.03 CDE 14.47 BC 8.91 ABC ND DH-146.194 6.53 ABC 14.15 DE 16.08 A 8.08 CD DH-146.214 5.49 BCD 13.57 E 15.23 AB 7.96 CD DH-146.842 6.58 ABC 14.40 CDE 15.75 A 7.15 D AAC-A120 6.33 ABCD 15.40 BCD 14.08 CD 9.15 AB Outlook, DH-146.047 5.38 BC 14.74 BC 14.82 B 7.73 BC SK DH-146.194 4.36 BCD 13.71 CD 16.57 A 7.41 BC DH-146.842 6.42 B 14.23 BCD 15.65 AB 6.76 C AAC-A120 6.06 BC 14.93 BC 15.23 AB 8.51 ABC MONO POLY LCFA VLCFA Brookings, DH-146.047 60.01 BCD 34.07 A 39.88 BCD 60.12 CDE ND DH-146.194 59.18 DE 34.40 A 46.15 A 53.85 F DH-146.214 60.65 B 32.86 B 43.06 AB 56.94 EF DH-146.842 60.30 BC 34.15 A 43.93 AB 56.08 EF AAC-A120 58.45 E 34.13 A 40.50 BC 59.50 DE Outlook, DH-146.047 59.61 BCD 33.73 AB 38.38 AB 61.62 CD SK DH-146.194 59.00 BCD 34.20 A 38.49 AB 61.51 CD DH-146.842 59.76 BCD 33.64 AB 41.74 A 58.26 D AAC-A120 57.51 D 34.30 A 37.81 AB 62.19 CD

The fatty acid profile of the oil from grain produced by the DH-146 varieties at Outlook, SK in 2018 is statistically similar to that of the oil from grain produced by the commercial check variety. The fatty acid profile of the oil from grain produced by the DH-146 varieties at Brookings, N. Dak. in 2018 differed from that of the oil from grain produced by the commercial check variety as follows:

C18:2 Oil from grain produced by DH-146.214 contained lower levels of linoleic acid compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. C18:3 Oil from grain produced by DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 contained higher levels of linolenic acid compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. C20:1 Oil from grain produced by DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 contained lower levels of eicosenoic acid compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. MONO vs Oil from grain produced by POLY DH-146.047, DH-146.214, and unsaturated DH-146.842 contained higher fatty levels of mono-unsaturated acids fatty acids compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. However, only the oil from grain produced by DH-146.214 showed a corresponding reduction in the levels of poly-unsaturated fatty acids compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. LCFA vs Oil from grain produced by VLCFA DH-146.194 contained higher levels of long-chain fatty acids, and lower levels of very long chain fatty acids, compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety.

Seed from the DH-146 varieties have similar or slightly higher oil content compared to seed from the check variety. Based on yield equivalence between DH-146 varieties and the check line (shown in Example 3), this could result in similar or even higher amounts of oil recovered per hectare for fields planted with DH-146 varieties.

In these trials, the DH-146 varieties produced seed with a highly significant 20-35 μmol/g lower total GSL content than the commercial check line. These significantly lower levels of GSL found in seed of the DH-146 varieties could positively impact the quality of oil and meal feedstocks produced from its grain. Even lower GSL inclusion rates in carinata meal may be achieved through application of downstream processing technologies, such as that described in U.S. Publication No. US2018/0042266 A1.

Seed of some of the DH-146 varieties produced in these trials contained a slightly lower protein content than that of the check line. However, the difference was small (˜2-3 wt %) and meal produced from processing of this seed would still be expected to contain >40% protein content (on a dry weight basis), representing an advantage with respect to competing Brassica oil seed meals such as canola meal.

Based on the potential for oil yields equivalent to or slightly higher than oil yields from the existing commercial variety, as well as the seed quality attributes discussed above, varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 are suitable candidates for commercial exploitation in the northern US states and Canada, and possibly other geographical regions.

Example 5: Varietal Characteristics of DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 when Grown in Southeastern United States

The southeastern states of Florida, Georgia, Alabama and others constitute an important carinata growing region. Farmers in this region would benefit from a crop that can be grown during the winter months as a cover crop, replacing the normal winter fallow in their rotations, allowing them an additional cash crop option while providing soil benefits that may in turn benefit other crops in their rotation. To identify varieties with suitable productivity and agronomic properties in the low daylight winter cropping scenario, field trial evaluations of new carinata varieties in this region are carried out annually at several sites in the region to identify best candidates for commercialization based on agronomic traits, seed yield and quality, as well as multi-year performance.

As described in Example 1, replicated field trials afford the opportunity to compare experimental varieties in terms of their morphological phenotypes and agronomic traits. In 2016-2017, field trials were carried out in multiple sites in Central and North Florida and one of the trial sites (Quincy, Fla.) provided extensive phenotypic observations, summarized in Table 6. Phenotypic observations from 2017-18 field trials carried out in multiple sites in Central and North Florida, Georgia, and Alabama are summarized in Table 7. Each characteristic was assessed as described in DEFINITIONS section, above, with the following exceptions and additions:

-   -   Height: from soil level to topmost visible node. Recorded at         physiological maturity.     -   Sclerotinia incidence: expressed as a % of symptomatic plants in         a 39″×48″ area (data collected 2-4 days before harvest)

Least square means (LSM) were calculated for measurements of replicate samples using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for DH-146.842 and the check variety (Tables 6 and 7). Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 6 Morphological traits of variety DH-146.842 grown in southeast US in 2016-17 Trait Variety DH-146.842 Letters Days to first bolt DH-146.842 88.0 B AGR044-HP11 84.3 BCD Days to 50% bolt DH-146.842 93.5 B AGR044-HP11 89.5 CDE Days to first flower DH-146.842 96 B AGR044-HP11 93.5 B Days to 50% flower DH-146.842 105.0 B AGR044-HP11 105.5 B Days to last flower DH-146.842 132.0 ABC AGR044-HP11 135.5 A Depth of canopy (cm) DH-146.842 76.20 A AGR044-HP11 79.25 A Stand (plants/m2) DH-146.842 37.5 A AGR044-HP11 42.4 A Plant height (cm) DH-146.842 169 ABCD AGR044-HP11 186 A Pod shatter loss (kg/ha) DH-146.842 161.0 ABCD AGR044-HP11 189.5 ABCD ScLerotinia incidence, % DH-146.842 6.3 CD AGR044-HP11 8.3 CD TKW (weight (g) DH-146.842 4.2 DEF of 1000 seeds) AGR044-HP11 4.8 BCDE

TABLE 7 Morphological traits of variety DH-146.842 grown in southeast US in 2017-18 Stand (plants Freeze surv/rec Days to 50% Days to 50% Plant height per m²) @ 104 days (%)* bolt flower (cm) Location Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters Midville, 842 77.0 A 78.8 AB 112 AB ND 76.5 CDEF GA HP11 77.8 A 67.5 AB 110 ABC ND 81.0 BCDEF Tifton, 842 73.0 AB ND 98.1 A 105 ABC ND GA HP11 74.6 AB ND 93.0 ABC 103 ABCDEF ND Shorter, 842 58.4 AB ND ND 136 ABC ND AL HP11 63.6 AB ND ND 137 AB ND Quincy, 842 64.9 DEF ND 93.4 AB 100 CDE ND FL (late) HP11 90.6 ABC ND 94.5 AB 104 AB ND Live Oak, 842 65.4 ABC 98.8 A 94.3 AB 100 BCD 107 DE FL HP11 65.8 ABC 100 A 89.4 DEF 97.6 CDEF 110 CDE Jay, FL 842 57.3 BCD 45.0 BCDE 93.9 A 102 A 102 BC HP11 56.8 BCD 54.4 ABCD 91.6 BCD 102 A 121 AB ND = not determined *freeze survival in Midville, GA; freeze recovery in Live Oak and Jay, FL.

During the field trials conducted in southeastern US states in the winters of 2016-17 and 2017-18, Brassica carinata variety DH-146.842 was observed to be similar to check variety AAC-A120 in most phenotypic characteristics, with the following exceptions:

Plant height: Plants of DH-146.842 were found slightly shorter in stature than check variety AGR044-HP11, but differences were not statistically significant. Bolting Plants of DH-146.842 bolted later than plants of the check variety in Quincy FL in 2017 and at most sites in 2018.

In summary, the DH-146.842 variety exhibits agronomic traits consistent with those of an existing commercial line grown in the SE US region, making it a suitable candidate for commercial cultivation in the SE USA.

Example 6: Grain Yields of DH-146.842 Grown in Winter Field Trials in Southeast US States

To assess the yield potential of new and experimental carinata varieties, including DH-146.842, relative to commercial check lines, a series replicated yield trials designed as described in Example 1 were carried out during winters of 2016-2017 and 2017-18 in southeast US. In 2016-17, trials were carried out at four sites; however, all but one of the sites (Quincy, Fla.) demonstrated coefficients of variation (C of V) for yields too high (>15%) to be considered reliable; therefore, only yield data from Quincy were considered. In 2017-18, trials were carried out at multiple sites in Florida, Georgia, and Alabama.

After maturity had been reached, seeds were harvested from the center 5′ of each plot (5 rows), cleaned and dried in a forced air oven at 50° C. for at least 72 h, subsequently weighed for yield determination and the seed analyzed for test weight and moisture using a Steinlite SL95 Moisture Meter. Reported yields, tabulated in Table 8, have been adjusted to 8% moisture.

Least square means (LSM) were calculated from replicate trials for each variety tested at each site using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for each DH-146 variety and the check variety grown at the same location. Paired LSM values that share a common letter (letters columns) are not significantly different from one another.

TABLE 8 Grain yields of variety DH-146.842 grown in southeast US in winter 2016-17 and 2017-18 Location Variety LSM Yield Letters 2016-17 Quincy, FL DH-146.842 2656 AB AGR044-HP11 2106 A 2017-18 Midville, GA DH-146.842 1674 A AGR044-HP11 1661 A Tifton, GA DH-146.842 2482 ABC AGR044-HP11 2208 C Shorter, AL DH-146.842 3195 ABCD AGR044-HP11 3140 ABCD Quincy, FL DH-146.842 3611 A (late) AGR044-HP11 3178 AB Quincy, FL DH-146.842 2255 A (early) AGR044-HP11 3114 A Live Oak, FL DH-146.842 2584 ABC AGR044-HP11 2399 BCDE Jay, FL DH-146.842 2900 AB AGR044-HP11 2223 AB

While the yield data reflect considerable variation between sites, at each individual site the difference in LSM yields between DH-146.842 and the commercial check variety AAC-A120 was not found to be significant. The similar yield potentials for variety DH-146.842 and a commercial carinata variety used as check line support selection of DH-146.842 as a suitable candidate for commercial cultivation in this region.

Example 7: Quality of Carinata Seed Harvested from Winter Field Trials in Southeast US

Trials were conducted in southeastern US states as described in Example 1. Seed quality data were obtained from NIR analysis, as described above under DEFINITIONS, on replicated samples of harvested grain from small plot, RCBD field experiments. Least square means (LSM) were calculated for measurements of replicate samples using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for DH-146.842 (“842”) and the check variety (AGR044-312D-HP11, or “HP11”). Results are summarized in Table 9. Paired LSM values that are statistically different from one another are indicated by an asterisk (*); otherwise, the values are not considered to be statistically different from one another.

TABLE 9 Seed quality characteristics of variety DH-146.842 (842) grown in southeast US Total Oil, wt % Glucosinolates, Erucic Acid, Protein, Saturates, of seed μmol/g seed wt % of seed wt % of seed wt % of seed Year Location Line LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters 2016- Combined 842 49.0 AB 64.7 D 41.9 CDE 24.3 F 5.8 ABC 17 sites HP11 45.8 C 83.6 C 44.2 B 25.1 EF 5.5 CD 2017- Midville 842 46.4 A 73.3 A 38.3 A 23.6 A 18 GA HP11 46.4 A 74.5 A 38.4 A 23.6 A ND Tifton GA 842 51.9 AB 58.7 HI 39.6 EFG 22.8 BCD 6.1 BCD HP11 50.7 ABC 68.8 FGH 42.5 BC 21.7 D 5.9 DE Shorter 842 48.6 ABC 64.7 F 40.8 EFG 25.3 BCD 6.0 ABCD AL HP11 47.0 ABCDE 79.0 CDE 42.8 CD 24.4 D 5.9 CD Quincy FL 842 48.2 AB 72.9 E 42.4 FG 25.9 DE 6.1 BCDE (late) HP11 47.9 ABCD 93.3 D 46.1 BCD 25.5 DE 5.7 FG Quincy FL 842 55.8 A 35.5 F 42.0 FG 18.9 D 6.0 BCDE (early) HP11 51.4 CDE 58.2 CDE 45.6 AB 20.6 ABCD 5.8 FG Live Oak 842 46.3 A 65.2 H 38.4 EFG 27.0 E 5.8 CDE FL HP11 43.6 BCDE 79.9 EFG 41.7 ABC 27.1 E 5.8 CDE Citra FL 842 46.6 A 50.6 J 41.4 C 26.5 BCD 6.0 BCD HP11 43.8 ABCDE 72.6 FG 45.1 A 27.7 ABCD 5.8 DEFG Jay FL 842 53.7 AB 47.8 F 42.9 EF 20.4 C 6.1 ABCDE HP11 51.8 BCDE 60.4 CDE 45.2 ABC 19.9 C 6.0 ABCDE

The results of the seed quality analysis of DH-146.842 grown in southeast US during the winter of 2016-2017 and 2017-18 are summarized below can be summarized as follows:

Seed oil Depending on the year and location, content seed from DH-146.842 has statistically similar or higher oil content than seed from check variety AGR044-HP11. Seed Seed produced from variety protein DH-146.842 in all trials has a similar content protein content to that of check variety AGR044-HP11. Glucosinolates In all but one of the 2017 and 2018 trials, the seed glucosinolate content for variety DH-146.847 was reduced by 10 to 23 μmol GSL per g of seed, representing relative reductions in GSL content of 14 to 39% relative to the GSL content of seed from the check variety. Such reduction may positively impact both meal and oil value. Reduction of grain GSL levels can result in lower sulphur contamination of oil extracted during grain crush operations and lower meal GSL allows for higher inclusion rates of meal in animal feed products. Erucic In all but one of the 2017 and 2018 acid trials, oil from DH-146.842 grain contains significantly lower levels of erucic acid (C22:1) compared to oil from grain of check variety AGR044-HP11. Total At most trial sites in 2017 and 2018, saturates oil from DH-146.842 grain shows similar levels of total saturates as oil from grain of check variety AGR044-HP11. However, oil from grain harvested from the two Quincy FL trials in 2018 contained a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids than oil from grain of the check variety.

The fatty acid profile of seed oil from DH-146.842 (“842”), as determined by NIR analysis, was also compared to that of the AGR044-312D-HP11 (“HP11”) check line and the results, expressed as the percentage by weight (mean of 4 samples) for each of the major fatty acid constituents of the oil are shown in Table 10.

TABLE 10 Fatty acid profile of oil from variety DH-146.842 grown in southeast US in 2016-17 (Florida, combined sites and 2017-18 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3 C20:1 Year Location Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters 2016- FL, combined 842 8.80 B 14.28 D 15.31 AB 6.94 EF 17 sties HP11 7.87 BC 14.47 CD 14.27 CD 8.35 D 2017- Midville, 842 9.53 A 16.13 A 12.43 A 10.38 A 18 GA HP11 9.50 A 16.15 A 12.65 A 10.25 A Tifton, GA 842 10.98 AB 14.26 DE 13.45 BC 9.30 EFG HP11 9.30 DEF 14.45 D 12.28 DEF 10.23 BCD Shorter, AL 842 9.83 ABC 14.69 DEF 13.30 B 8.84 FG HP11 8.48 DE 14.91 DEF 11.94 DE 10.18 CD Quincy, FL 842 7.83 AB 14.28 ABC 13.00 B 8.98 CDE (late) HP11 5.13 CD 14.51 ABC 11.96 CD 9.37 CDE Quincy, FL 842 10.29 BCD 12.29 FGH 15.00 B 9.07 GH (early) HP11 7.39 GH 12.12 FGH 13.69 D 10.37 DE Live Oak, 842 9.72 BCD 15.09 DEFG 15.55 A 8.64 H FL HP11 7.98 EFG 15.80 BCDEF 13.71 EFG 9.85 ABCDE Citra, FL 842 8.10 CD 14.35 D 15.74 A 7.99 GH HP11 5.97 E 14.42 D 14.31 BCD 9.24 CDE Jay, FL 842 9.73 BCD 12.88 BCDE 14.41 B 8.51 G HP11 8.75 CDE 12.83 BCDE 12.72 DE 10.35 CD MONO POLY LCFA VLCFA Year Location Variety LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters LSM Letters 2016- FL,combined 842 60.44 ABCD 33.72 BC 47.31 A 52.69 D 17 sties HP11 60.59 ABCD 33.26 BCD 42.22 CD 57.78 AB 2017- Midville, 842 61.93 A 31.40 A 39.40 A 60.60 A 18 GA HP11 61.15 A 32.13 A 41.23 A 58.78 A Tifton, GA 842 63.38 BCD 30.81 BC 41.94 AB 58.06 FG HP11 63.95 ABC 29.94 CDEF 35.54 DEF 64.46 BCD Shorter, AL 842 62.25 DE 31.44 BCD 40.59 AB 59.41 IJ HP11 62.65 CD 30.58 DEFG 34.69 DEFG 65.31 DEFG Quincy, FL 842 63.05 BCD 30.66 DE 39.05 ABC 60.95 DEF (late) HP11 63.72 BC 29.94 CDE 32.28 DE 67.72 BC Quincy, FL 842 63.28 CDE 31.31 B 41.07 B 58.93 H (early) HP11 64.00 BC 30.09 DEF 33.40 EFGH 66.60 BCDE Live Oak, 842 58.92 DEF 34.73 ABC 46.33 A 53.67 G FL HP11 60.06 CD 33.42 DE 39.18 EF 60.82 BC Citra, FL 842 59.33 DEF 34.48 AB 45.85 A 54.15 G HP11 60.43 BCD 33.12 BCD 38.12 EFG 61.88 ABC Jay, FL 842 62.78 DEFGH 31.36 ABC 38.38 AB 61.62 EF HP11 64.23 BC 29.41 D 30.40 EF 69.60 AB

Depending on the location of the trial, the fatty acid profile of the oil from grain produced by variety DH-146.842 may show some differences relative to that of the oil from grain produced by the commercial check variety. The observed differences in the fatty acid profiles between oil from the grain of variety DH-146.842 and oil from the grain of the check variety are summarized below:

C18:1 For grain harvested from most sites, the DH-146.842 oil had higher levels of oleic acid than oil from the check variety. C18:3 For grain harvested from most sites, oil produced by DH- 146.842 contained higher levels of linolenic acid compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. C20:1 For grain harvested from most sites, oil from grain produced by DH-146.842 contained lower levels of eicosenoic acid compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. MONO vs Oil from grain produced by DH-146.842 POLY at Jay Fl contained unsaturated lower levels of mono-unsaturated fatty fatty acid and higher levels acids of poly-unsaturated fatty acids compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. The oil from grain produced by DH-146.214 at Quincy FL (early) also contains lower levels of poly-unsaturated fatty acids compared to oil from grain produced by the check variety. LCFA vs For grain harvested from most VLCFA sites, oil from grain produced by DH-146.842 contained higher levels of long chain fatty acids, and lower levels of very long chain fatty acids, compared to oil from grain of the check variety.

As can be seen in Table 9, seed from variety DH-146.842 has similar or significantly higher oil content in relation to that of the commercial check variety. Based on yield equivalence between DH-146.842 and the check variety (shown in Example 4), this could result in higher amounts of oil recovered per hectare for fields planted with DH-146.842, an important commercial advantage. Based on the comparative fatty acid profile analysis shown in Table 10, depending on the trial conditions, variety DH-146.842 produces an oil with substantially similar composition and properties to that of the commercial check variety. Although the oil in DH-146.842 grain harvested from most of the trials in this region had a slightly lower erucic acid content that of the check variety, at 38-42 wt % of the oil, it was still within the typical range seen for current commercial carinata varieties.

In these trials, DH-146.842 produced seed with a highly significant 10-23 μmol/g lower total GSL content than the commercial check line. The significantly lower levels of GSL found in the DH-146.842 seed could positively impact the quality of oil and meal feedstocks produced from its grain. Even lower GSL inclusion rates in carinata meal may be achieved through application of downstream processing technologies, such as that described in U.S. Publication No. US2018/0042266 A1.

DH-146.842 seed produced in these trials contained a slightly lower protein content than that of the check line. However, the difference was small (less than one percentage point) and meal produced from processing of this seed would still be expected to contain >40% protein content, representing an advantage with respect to competing Brassica oil seed meals such as canola meal. Based on the potential for high oil yields relative to the existing commercial varieties as well as the seed quality attributes discussed above the DH-146.842 variety may be a suitable candidate for commercial exploitation in the southeast region of the US.

Example 8: Varietal Characteristics of DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 from Winter 2017 and 2018 Field Trials in Uruguay

Uruguay is an important commercial producer of Brassica carinata. Its climate lends itself to production of carinata as a short-day length winter cover crop often in rotation with summer grown crops such as soybean. To assess new carinata varieties for their suitability in commercial production in this region, small plot yield trials were carried out in Uruguay, primarily at two sites, La Estanzuela (LE) and Young (YO) in winters of 2017 and 2018, essentially as described in Example 1.

The detailed phenotypic information provided in Table 11 is based on data collected from small plot, RCBD field experiments conducted at two sites in Uruguay in the winter of 2017 and 2018, as described in Example 1. Each characteristic was assessed as described in DEFINITIONS section for all experiment carinata varieties entered in the trial, including DH-146.842, as well as the commercial check variety AGR044-HP11, the current preferred commercial variety in this geography. The values given for days to first flower, days to 50% flower, days to last flower, and TKW (thousand kernel weight or thousand seed weight) are the mean of replicated measurements taken at the two sites, as indicated by “(av)” next to the values. The values given for first silique height, plant height, and lodging are the mean of replicated measurements at each site. The values for pod shattering loss (kg/ha) and stand (plants/m2) were measured only at La Estanzuela (LE).

Each characteristic was assessed as described in DEFINITIONS section. Table 11 provides additional data for morphological and agronomic characteristics for variety DH-146.842. and check variety AAC-A120.

TABLE 11 Varietal characteristics of DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 from winter 2017 and 2018 field trials in Uruguay Year 2017 2018 Site LE site YO site LE site YO site DH- AGR044- DH- AGR044- DH- AGR044- DH- AGR044- 146.842 HP11 146.842 HP11 146.842 HP11 146.842 HP11 Days to 10% 82 87 80 82 117 119 83 82 flower Days to 50% 110 106 86 88 125 126 86 84 flower Days to last 132 132 107 106 151 153 107 103 flower Stand (plants/m2) 119 115 ND* ND* 91 85 ND* ND* First silique 1.20 1.10 0.75 0.58 0.74 0.81 0.82 0.85 height (m) Plant height (m) 1.60 1.66 1.65 1.51 1.86 2.23 1.21 1.35 Pod shatter Loss 267 335 ND* ND* 215 200 ND* ND* at harvest (kg/ha) Lodging (0-5) 3.5 4.0 4.50 4.5 1 3 *ND = not determined

Example 9: Yield of Carinata Seed from Variety DH-146.842 from Winter 2017 and 2018 Field Trials in Uruguay

Table 12 (below) summarizes the results of yield analysis carried out on several new and experimental carinata varieties, including DH-146.842, and alongside check variety AGR044-HP11, the current preferred commercial variety in this geography. Least square means (LSM) yields (in kg/Ha) were calculated from replicate trials for each variety tested at each site using a restricted maximal likelihood (REML) estimate, which can better describe data sets where some replicate data might be missing due to weather or disease related losses. Tukey's test was then applied pairwise to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the LSM yields for DH-146.842 and the check variety. Paired LSM values that are statistically different from one another are indicated by an asterisk (*); otherwise, the values are not considered to be statistically different from one another.

TABLE 12 Yields of DH-146.842 grown in 2017 field trials in UY 2017 2018 LSM Yield LSM Yield Site Variety (kg/ha) Letters (kg/ha) Letters La Estanzuela DH148.842 3188 A 4558 AB AGR044-HP11 4730 A 4922 AB Yonge DH148.842 3294 A ND AGR044-HP11 3800 A ND

While the yield data show some variation between sites, at each individual site the difference in LSM yields between DH-146.842 and the commercial check variety AAC-A120 was not found to be significant. The similar yield potentials for variety DH-146.842 and a commercial carinata variety used as check line support selection of DH-146.842 as a suitable candidate for commercial cultivation in this region.

Example 10: Quality of Carinata Seed Harvested from Winter Field Trials in Uruguay

Small plot yield trials were carried out in Uruguay, primarily at two sites, La Estanzuela (LE) and Young (YO) in winters of 2017 and 2018, essentially as described in Example 1. Seed quality data were obtained from NIR analysis of replicated samples of harvested grain, as described under DEFINITIONS, above. Table 13 tabulates the main characteristics of DH-146.842 seed harvested from these trials in relation to those of the AGR044-HP11 check variety.

TABLE 13 Seed quality characteristics of variety DH-146.842 from winter field trials in Uruguay 2017 Average of 2018 Quality Variety two sites LSM Letters Protein, wt % of seed DH-146.842 26.2 26.87 ABCDE AGR044-HP11 24.6 26.58 ABCDE Oil, wt % of seed DH-146.842 48.9 48.36 A AGR044-HP11 48.1 45.9 BCD Glucosinolates DH-146.842 48.7 40.54 ABC (μmol/g) AGR044-HP11 56.6 55.55 AB Erucic Acid, wt % of DH-146.842 45.6 42.32 CDE total fatty acids AGR044-HP11 46.8 45.66 AB Total Saturates, wt % DH-146.842 5.8 6.39 BCD of fatty acids AGR044-HP11 5.9 6.25 DEF C18:1 DH-146.842 5.7 8.87 CD AGR044-HP11 5.6 6.79 DE C18:2 DH-146.842 12.8 14.83 CDEFGH AGR044-HP11 12.8 14.25 GH C18:3 DH-146.842 15.9 15.77 ABC AGR044-HP11 13.7 14.03 DEFG C20:1 DH-146.842 7.2 6.50 EF AGR044-HP11 9.5 8.02 ABCD Mono Unsaturated DH-146.842 59.6 58.32 ABC AGR044-HP11 61.3 59.63 AB Poly Unsaturated DH-146.842 34.1 35.75 BCD AGR044-HP11 31.7 33.76 F Long-chain FA (≤C18) DH-146.842 44.5 51.14 B AGR044-HP11 34.8 42.87 FGH Very long-chain FA DH-146.842 55.5 48.86 G (≥C20) AGR044-HP11 65.2 57.13 ABC

The major seed quality trait characteristics of DH-146.842 grown in Uruguay in 2017 and 2018 are summarized below:

Seed oil Seed from DH-146.842 has similar content or slightly higher oil content compared to seed from check variety AGR044-HP11. Seed protein Seed from DH-146.842 has a content similar or slightly higher protein content compared to seed from check variety AGR044-HP11. Glucosinolates The GSL content (μmol/g) of seed produced by DH-146.842 grown in Uruguay is 8-15 μmol GSL per g seed lower than the GSL content in seed of the check variety AGR044-HP11. This represents a reduction of about 14-27% relative to the GSL content of seed produced by the check variety. Such reduction may positively impact both meal and oil value. Reduction of grain GSL levels can result in lower sulphur contamination of oil extracted during grain operations and lower meal GSL allows for higher inclusion rates of meal in animal feed products. Erucic Oil from DH-146.842 grain acid produced in 2017 had similar levels of erucic acid (C22:1) as oil from grain of the check variety. Oil from DH-146.842 grain produced in 2018 had lower levels of erucic acid (C22:1) as oil from grain of the check variety. Fatty Oil from DH-146.842 grown acids in Uruguay show slightly higher levels of LCFAs and slightly lower levels of VLCFAs. Total Oil from DH-146.842 grain saturates shows similar levels of total saturates as oil from grain of check variety AGR044-HP11.

As can be seen in Table 13, the DH-146.842 showed a similar oil or slightly higher content compared to that of the commercial check variety. Based on yield equivalence between DH-146.842 and the check line (shown in Example 9), this will result in similar amounts of oil recovered per hectare for fields planted with DH-146.842 and current commercial varieties.

In these trials, DH-146.842 produced seed with a significant 8-14 μmol/g lower total GSL content than the commercial check variety. The significantly lower levels of GSL found in the DH-146.842 seed could positively impact the quality of oil and meal feedstocks produced from its grain. Even lower GSL inclusion rates in carinata meal may be achieved through application of downstream processing technologies, such as that described in U.S. Publication No. US2018/0042266 A1.

DH-146.842 seed produced in this trial contained a slightly higher protein content than that of the check variety; meal produced from processing of this seed would be expected to contain >40% protein content, representing an advantage with respect to competing Brassica oil seed meals such as canola meal.

Based on the potential for similar oil yields as existing commercial varieties as well as the seed quality attributes discussed above, the DH-146.842 variety may be a suitable candidate for commercial exploitation in Uruguay.

In summary, for all geographies tested to date, GSL level in seed produced by varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 are consistently and, in the majority of trials, significantly lower, with reductions ranging from 14% to 48% relative to the GSL content of commercial check lines grown in the same geography (Examples 4, 7 and 10). Such reduction may positively impact both meal and oil value. Reduction of grain GSL levels can result in lower sulphur contamination of oil extracted during grain operations and lower meal GSL allows for higher inclusion rates of meal in animal feed products.

Deposit

Applicant(s) have made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of Brassica carinata varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 with the NCIMB Ltd., Ferguson Building, Craibstone Estate, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, UK, AB21 9YA, under their Accession numbers 43005, 43006, 43007, and 43008, respectively. The seeds deposited with NCIMB on Apr. 3, 2018 for each variety were taken from the seed stock maintained by Agrisoma Biosciences Inc., since prior to the filing date of this application. The deposit of seed of Brassica carinata varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 will be maintained in the NCIMB depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has satisfied all the requirements 37 C.F.R. § 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant imposes no restrictions on the availability of the deposited material from NCIMB; however, Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant(s) do not waive any infringement of their rights granted under this patent or rights applicable to Brassica carinata varieties DH-146.047, DH-146.194, DH-146.214, and DH-146.842 under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq.).

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1. A Brassica carinata variety, wherein the variety produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.
 2. A Brassica carinata variety, wherein the variety produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 8 μmol per g of seed relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.
 3. The Brassica carinata variety of claim 1, wherein the Brassica carinata variety is (a) DH-146.047, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43005; (b) DH-146.194, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43006; (c) DH-146.214, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number 43008; or (d) DH-146.842, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number
 43009. 4. The Brassica carinata variety of claim 3, wherein the Brassica carinata variety is DH-146.842, representative seed of which having been deposited under NCIMB accession number
 43005. 5. A seed, plant, plant part, or cell of the Brassica carinata variety of claim
 1. 6. A tissue culture of protoplasts or regenerable cells of the plant of claim
 5. 7. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait, wherein the method comprises (a) crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 1 with a plant of a different Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait to produce F1 hybrid seed; and (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants having the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 1; (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 1, or with the different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait, to produce backcross progeny seed; (d) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata variety of claim
 1. 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising repeating steps (c) and (d) until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait and produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 14% relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.
 9. A method of producing a Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait, wherein the method comprises (a) crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 2 with a plant of a different Brassica carinata variety having a desired trait to produce F1 hybrid seed; and (b) growing the resultant F1 hybrid seed and selecting one or more progeny plants having the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 2; (c) backcrossing the selected progeny plants with a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 2, or with the different Brassica carinata plant having a desired trait, to produce backcross progeny seed; (d) growing the resultant backcross progeny seed and selecting backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and at least a portion of the genetic make up of the Brassica carinata variety of claim
 2. 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising repeating steps (c) and (d) until the Brassica carinata variety has the desired trait and produces seed having a total glucosinolate content that is reduced by at least 8 μmol per g of seed relative to the total glucosinolate content of seed produced by a commercial or check variety of Brassica carinata grown in the same location under the same environmental conditions.
 11. A plant, or part thereof, or seed thereof, produced by the method of claim
 7. 12. A method for producing a first generation (F1) hybrid Brassica carinata seed comprising crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 1 with a different Brassica carinata plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid Brassica carinata seed, and wherein the plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 1 is either a female parent or a male parent.
 13. A method for producing a first generation (F1) hybrid Brassica carinata seed comprising crossing a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 2 with a different Brassica carinata plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid Brassica carinata seed, and wherein the plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim 2 is either a female parent or a male parent.
 14. An F1 hybrid seed produced by the method of claim
 12. 15. An F1 hybrid plant produced from the F1 hybrid seed of claim
 14. 16. A method for producing a Double Haploid variety comprising: (a) isolating a flower bud of the F1 plant of claim 15; (b) dissecting out a haploid microspore; (c) placing the haploid microspore in culture; (d) inducing the microspore to differentiate into an embryo and subsequently into a plantlet; (e) identifying whether the plantlet contains a diploid chromosome number, wherein the diploid chromosome number occurred through chromosome doubling; and (f) continuing to grow the plantlet if it contains a diploid chromosome number.
 17. A commercial plant product produced from a plant of the Brassica carinata variety of claim
 1. 18. The commercial plant product of claim 17, wherein the commercial plant product comprises oil, meal, protein isolate, or biofumigant.
 19. The commercial plant product of claim 18, wherein the commercial plant product comprises meal or protein isolate having a total glucosinolate content of no more than 30 micromoles per gram (dry weight).
 20. Crushed, non-viable seed produced by the Brassica carinata variety of claim
 1. 